World History Mrs. Thompson Chapter 5 Section 1

The Greeks believed that gods and goddesses controlled nature and shaped their lives. Myths are traditional stories about gods and heroes. The Greeks built buildings as temples in cities to honor their gods.

Greek Gods and Goddesses According to Greek mythology: Zeus ruled the sky and threw lightning bolts. Demeter made crops grow. Poseidon caused earthquakes. The 12 most important gods and goddesses lived on Mt. Olympus.

gods had special powers, but looked like humans. They married, played tricks, and had children.

Stories about powerful gods, goddesses, and ancient heroes and heroines Created and spread with an oral poetic tradition

Patron goddess of Greece Goddess of Wisdom, War, the Arts, Industry, Justice, and Skill Her symbols were the owl, olive tree, and spear

Greek god of the Sun Creative Handsome Supportive of all the arts of civilization

Greek God of War Decisive Determined Fearless Brutal Uncivilized Symbols-spear, vultures, and dogs

Greek Goddess of Love and Beauty Gorgeous Perfect Eternally young Beautiful body Symbol -Girdle that has magical powers to compel love

Greek Goddess of Wild Things Freedom loving young woman who roams the forest with female companions Dislikes men Opposes Marriage and the loss of freedom it entails for women Keeps to the natural wild environment rather than city life Symbol-bow, lunar crescent

Greek Goddess of Agriculture Controls fertility of the earth Gives life after death to those who learn her mysteries Symbol-wheat, cornucopia

King of the Dead Lord of the Underworld Rich with the wealth of the earth Persistent Determined Called “Zeus of the Departed Symbol-scepter with horns

Greek Goddess of Marriage Most beautiful of all goddesses even Aphrodite Defender of the sanctity of marriage and monogamy Symbol-the peacock

Perhaps the most famous hero of Greek Mythology Brave Strong Determined Symbol-wooden club

Daughter of Demeter Loving and lovely Hades planted a pomegranate in a meadow to entice her to pluck it, pulling on the flower opened up the Underworld and Hades sprang out, carrying her off. Symbol-pomegranate, flower

Greek God of the Sea Creative Designed all the creatures of the sea Believed to be seen in the crashing of waves on the shore Believed to be the force behind earthquakes Symbol-three-horned trident

A ritual is a set of actions carried out in a fixed way. As part of Greek ritual, the Greeks prayed and gave gifts to their gods. Festivals honored the gods. They believed in the afterlife. They believed that their spirits went to a gloomy world beneath the earth ruled by the god Hades.

To find out the future, the Greeks visited an oracle, a sacred shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess. The Greeks believed that every person had a fate or destiny. What was a Greek Oracle? The most famous was the oracle at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. They also believed in prophecy, a prediction about the future.

At Delphi: The chamber was deep in the temple and had an opening in the floor where volcanic smoke hissed from a crack in the earth. A priestess sat on a tripod, a 3-legged chamber, and listened to the questions. State leaders and messengers traveled here to hear from Apollo. The priestess in the oracle gave answers in riddles.

Example: A king Croseus asked oracle at Delphi if he should go to war against the Persians. She replied that he would destroy a “mighty empire”, but the Persians ended up being the ones that crushed Croseus. He actually destroyed his own empire!

Greek Poetry and Fables Greek poetry and fables taught Greek values. The earliest Greek stories were epics, which were long poems that told about heroic deeds. The first great epics in early Greece were the Iliad and the Odyssey, which were written by Homer in the 700s B.C.

In the Iliad : Prince of Troy kidnaps the wife of the king of Sparta. At night the Greeks broke out of the horse and captured the city. The king of Mycenae, Agamemnon, and his brother, the Spartan king, attacked Troy. The Trojans thought the horse was a gift from the Greeks. The battle for Troy lasts 10 years, and then the Greeks came up with a new idea. They built a large, wooden horse and hid Mycenaean warriors inside. Name

He faces storms, witches, and giants before returning home. We use the word “odyssey” today to describe a long journey. The story describes the journey of Odysseus home from the Trojan War. It took him 10 years to reach home. Homer’s Odyssey

Name Homer’s stories taught: Courage and honor loyalty to friends to be the best you can be the value of the relationship of husband and wife

Name For about 200 years, Aesop’s fables were a part of Greece’s oral tradition before written down.. One of the best known is “The Tortoise and the Hare.” “slow and steady wins the race” These often funny stories point out human flaws as well as strengths. A fable is a short tale that teaches a lesson Aesop was a Greek slave that made up a collection of fables in around 550 B.C. Who was Aesop ? Name

Greek drama still shapes entertainment today. Greek Drama Drama is a story told by actors who pretend to be characters in a story. (movies, plays, TV shows, are examples) The Greeks performed plays in outdoor theaters as part of their religious festivals. ComediesTragedies

Name In a tragedy: A person struggles to overcome difficulties but fails, so the story has a unhappy ending. In early tragedies, people struggled against their fate, and in later ones, the person’s character flaws caused him or her to fail. In a Comedy: The story ends happily. The word comedy refers to any drama with a happy ending.

Name Greek stories dealt with big questions such as : What is the nature of good and evil? What rights should people have? What role do gods play in our lives? The three best-known writers of Greek tragedies were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripedes. The best known writer of Greek comedies was Aristophanes.

Aeschylus wrote the group of 3-plays called the Oresteia in 458 B.C. They describe what happened to the king of Mycenae when returning home from Trojan War. Details They teach that evil acts cause more evil acts and suffering, but reason triumphs over evil. Details The moral of the story is that people should not seek revenge. Details

Sophocles He developed drama even further and used 3 actors in his stories. He placed painted scenes behind the stage as a backdrop. Two of the most famous were Oedipus Rex and Antigon e In Antigone, he asks “Is it better to follow orders or to do what is right?”

His plots show a great interest in real-life situations. He tried to take drama beyond heroes and gods. He questioned traditional thinking, especially about war.

His comedies make fun of leading politicians and scholars. He encourages the audience to think and laugh, and he regularly included jokes. Aristophanes

Greek Art and Architecture Greek art and architecture expressed Greek ideas of beauty and harmony. Greek art and architecture expressed Greek ideas of beauty and harmony.

Greek Art Greek artists wanted people to see reason, moderation, balance, and harmony in their work. We know that Greeks painted murals, but none of them have survived. Painting on pottery provides example of Greek painting. In Greek pottery, pictures are either red on a black background or black on a red background, and they show scenes from myths and daily life.

The Parthenon In Greece, the most important architecture was the temple dedicated to a god or goddess. Temples like the Parthenon, had a walled room in their centers. Statues of gods and goddesses and the gifts offered were kept in this room. Architecture is the art of designing and building structures.

Large columns supported buildings. The first Greek columns were carved from wood. Sections were tacked on top of one another and joined by wooden pegs. In 500 B.C., the Greeks began to use marble, and marble columns were built in sections. Large blocks of marble were chiseled and brought by oxen-driven wagon. Famous buildings today have columns like the Greeks, like the White House and the Capitol.

Doric columns were sturdy with a plain capital. They were used in mainland Greece.

Ionic Columns They were thinner and more elegant. The capital is decorated with a scroll-like design. They were found in eastern Greece.

Corinthian Columns They were seldom used in the Greek world. They were often used in Roman temples. The capital is very elaborate, decorated with acanthus leaves.

Greek Sculpture It was used to express Greek ideas, and the favorite subject of Greek artists was the human body. The Greeks tried to show their ideal version of protection and beauty.