There are two things to aim at in life; first to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind has achieved the second. Logan Pearsall Smith

Goat and Sheep Restraint

Sheep restraint Sheep are timid animals. They do not seem to enjoy being stroked or petted The usual response is to flee when frightened and they may cause serious injury to themselves in their effort to escape Sheep have extremely strong flocking instincts and tend to behave as a group

When catching sheep, several points are key Individual sheep need to be separated from the flock: this is often done by first driving the flock into an enclosure pen, then cornering a single sheep against a fence or wall. The sheep may try to flee by going through the fence or climbing along the fence or wall Another common tendency to avoid is catching them by grabbing the wool: this can easily pull out the wool and bruise or rip the skin Grabbing by the horns (when present) must be done with care to avoid breaking them

Sheep are held by circling the neck with one arm and placing the other arm around the rump The rear end may also be controlled by placing an arm over the back to grasp the skin fold of the lower flank

Many procedures can be done by simply backing the sheep into a corner, straddling the animal between the handler’s legs, and squeezing the sheep shoulders firmly between the legs. The head or neck can be controlled in this position

Procedures such as examination of the hooves, shearing, and vaccination require immobilizing the animal with a technique known as “setting up”

This method esentially sits the sheep down on its rump: without contact the feet with the ground, the animal cannot struggle and basically becomes submissive to the handler

Lamb restraint Small lambs are carried by placing one hand under the body and between the forelimbs to support the sternum, and other hand around the neck

Castration and tail docking are performed at an early age, usually in the first to second week of life For these procedures, the lamb is restrained in dorsal recumbency with its back in the handler’s lap or against the handler’s body.

Goat restraining Although similar to sheep in size, goats are entirely different in temperament and behavior. Goats are gregarious and seem to enjoy the company of other species of animals Goats form social hierarchy within a group and dominant males and females can be identify Goats may show aggression, usually in the form of head-butting. This usually preceded by raising the hair on the spine, stamping the front feet and making a characteristic sneezing/snorting noise

One hand is used to grasp the beard while other arm is placed around the neck to control the head

Horns If the horns are present, they may be used for head restraining Horns should be restrained near their base Goats resent being held by the ears, and owners consider ear restraining to be abusive

Another method is to stand alongside the goat and hold the muzzle in one hand; the other hand reaches over the back and grasp the near hind leg. * If you have a good back!!!

Neck collars Goats readily accept neck collars or chains, which provide a convenient hold on the animal. Goats do not tolerate being set up like sheep

Small kids are usually held in the lap for procedures such as dehorning The kid is placed in sternal recumbency on the lap by folding its front legs beneath it and the handler’s forearms are placed on the back and pressed down to keep the kid for rising

Basic Physical Examination Rectal Temperature Heart Rate Respiratory Rate 102.5 range 102.0-104.0 70-90/min 12-25/min 102.0 101.5-104.0 15-30/min

Basic Physical Examination The direct hands-on physical examination typically includes: -temperature/pulse/respiration (TPR) -heart/lung auscultation -abdominal auscultation and assessment of rumen function (1-2/minute) -hydratation status -examination of mucous membranes UDDER

Temperature Temperature is taken rectally When taking the rectal temperature of goat, a dark brown , waxy ,material may be seen near the anus; this secretions is normal and is produced by sebaceous glands under the tailhead

Pulse is taken on the femoral artery is most convenient in sheep and goat The respiration rate is best taken by counting chest excursions from a distance prior to herding or handling

Auscultation of the heart and lungs is performed as for the cow and horse Heart auscultation is performed using the same anatomical landmarks The borders for lung auscultation in ruminants are between ribs #5 cranially and #11 caudally

Mucous membranes should be pink and moist , with capillary refill time of 1-2 seconds Pale to white is suggestive of haemonchosis, Yellow to light brown is suggestive of hemolysis secondary to copper toxicosis, Large prominent vessels in the bulbar conjunctiva is indicative of toxemia

Famacha (Anemia guide) Bulbar and Palpebral Conjunctiva Bottle jaw: haemonchus

Head Listeria: Unilateral cranial nerve damage: flaccid paralysis of the ear, eyelid, muzzle, cheek, +/- nostril excessive drooling and/or tongue protrusion indicating an inability to swallow Polioencephalomalacia: No menace response with an intact pupillary light reflex Acetone odor: ketosis typically associated with pregnancy toxemia in the sheep. Vomiting in the small ruminant: toxic plant ingestion, rhododendron and azalea commonly recognized in the Eastern US Respiratory disease: Mucopurulent discharges Ulcerative or proliferative lesions: lips, muzzle,nostril ORF or bluetongue

Head - Swellings Large, firm, round swellings: behind the ramus of the mandible or between the mandibles caseous lymphadenitis affecting the parotid or submandibular lymph nodes respectively Swellings located along the cheek abscesses, salivary gland mucoceles, or impacted cud Firm, nodular swellings along the lower jaw often indicate actinobacillosis in the sheep.

MSK Secondary to a neurologic, metabolic, or infectious disease Gangrenous Mastitis Parasitic migrations within the spinal cord often begin as a hind limb lameness Lambs and kids with White Muscle Disease (deficiency in vitamin E and selenium) will present as stiff and unwilling to ambulate Footrot, overgrown hooves CAE Arthritis is extremely common in goats leading to lameness and enlargement of the carpal joints Scoliosis

Diagnostic sampling The jugular vein is most often used for venous sampling. In sheep it may be accesed with the animal standing or in the “set-up” rump position

Alcohol is suitable for disinfecting the skin An 20-ga x 1 needle is generally preferred Vacutainer system may also be used

Ovine and Caprine One person can set up a sheep and obtain a jugular vein blood sample

One person restrains the sheep by straddling the shoulders and holding the head, while the other person obtains a jugular vein sample.

In goats the standing position is used. For standing procedure in either species, the animal is straddled and back the animal against a solid object.

Young animals may be restrained standing

Blood collection on lambs Small lambs are carried by placing one hand under the body and between the forelimbs to support the sternum, and other hand around the head and support the neck on handler’s body

Injections Shot Site Locations: SQ is given behind or in front of the front legs, IM in side of the neck. Semitendinosus/semimembranosus muscle. The sciatic nerve , which lies on the sciatic grove , must be avoided Do not inject more than 5 ml per IM injection site

Weighting a goat