Period 7: The Populists and the Progressives

 Large scale industrialization continued to affect governmental, political, and social organizations  Urbanization and mass migration also added to the mix of cultures and issues Review of Period 6

 Large corporations came to dominate the U.S. economy as it increasingly focused on the production of consumer goods, driven by new technologies and manufacturing techniques  The US continued its transition from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial one, offering new economic opportunities for women, internal migrants, and international migrants who continued to flock to the US.  Even as economic growth continued, episodes of credit and market instability, most critically the Great Depression, led to calls for the creation of a stronger financial regulatory system. Characteristics of the Time Period

 People’s Party  Coxey’s Army  Pullman Strike  Eugene V. Debs  William Jennings Bryan  Cross of Gold Speech  Free Silver  Election of 1896  Social Gospel Populist Movement Reading Assignment

 Coalition of farmers, laborers, women, miners,  African-Americans  Wanted more of a voice in government  Direct election of senators  Government control of currency  Graduated income tax  Low-cost public financing  Right of the workers to form unions  Government ownership of railroads Populist Party

 Populists and Democrats unite to support William Jennings Bryan (advocate of the Social Gospel)  Republicans William McKinley  First modern election Election of 1896

 Redeemers  Convict labor  Kansas exodus  Poll Tax  Grandfather clause  Disenfranchisement  Plessy v. Ferguson  Lynching  Lost Cause  Ida B. Wells In the South Reading Assignment

 Watch the video ‘MURDER AT THE FAIR” from the series “Ten Days that Unexpectedly Changed America” Murder at the Fair

 Muckrakers  Ellis Island  Mass consumption  Ford Motor Company  Socialism  Eugene V. Debs  Feminism  Birth control  Social Legislation  Robert La Follette Progressive Reformers Reading Assignment

 Progressive reformers  Late 1890s and early 20 th century  From urban middle class and often female  Worked to reform  Social and political institutions  At local, state and national levels  Created  New organizations  Aimed at addressing social problems coming from an industrial society. Progressive Reformers

 Municipal  Reduce the power of the political machines  Public control of utilities  Improve public transportation  Raised property taxes  City managers replace mayors  State  Public Utilities Tax  Primary elections  State regulation of railroads and public utilities  Legislation to end child labor  Workmen’s compensation laws State and Local Reforms

 16 th Amendment: Federal Income Tax  17 th Amendment: Direct election of Senators  Use of Primary Elections  18 th Amendment: Banned the manufacture, distribution and sales of alcoholic beverages.  Muller v. Oregon: limited working hours for women Federal Reforms

 Jane Addams  Established Hull House  Settlement House movement to assist immigrants  Women across the country  Focused on the plight of immigrants and children  Worked to end child labor  Women’s Suffrage Movement  “Militant” groups focused on obtaining the right to vote  Increasingly focused on federal amendment Individual Reforms

 Followed the assassination of William McKinley  Youngest man ever to be elected president  Domestic Policy called the “Square Deal”  Anti-Trust Movement: Differentiated between the “good” and “bad” corporations  Enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act  Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission  Hepburn Act: Gave the ICC the power to exxamine railroads’ business records  Pure Food and Drug Act  Conservation Movement to control destruction of land The Progressive Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt

 Pursued the antitrust activities of Roosevelt  Broke up Standard Oil and American Tobacco companies  Supported the 16 th Amendment/ replaced the tariff as the dominate source of funding for the government.  Gravitated toward the more conservative wing of the Republicans  Broke with Roosevelt over the issue of conservation. William Howard Taft

 Four candidates:  William Howard Taft (Republican) / Rely on individuals for change  Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) / Also Progressive  Theodore Roosevelt (Bull Moose Party) / Continue reform  Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) / Replace capitalism  Battle between Wilson and Roosevelt of the role of the federal government in securing economic freedom. The Election of 1912

 Wilson’s New Freedom  Federal government should strengthen antitrust laws  Protect the right of workers to unionize  Actively encourage small businesses  Roosevelt’s New Nationalism  Only the controlling and directing power of the government could restore the liberty of the oppressed.  Heavy taxes on wealthy  Federal regulation of industries (railroads, oil, and mining) The Issue

The Outcome

 First president to hold regular press conferences  Delivered messages personally to Congress  Underwood Tariff / reduced duties  Imposed a graduated income tax  Clayton Anti-trust Act / Protected labor unions  Keating-Owen Act / Outlawed child labor on goods involved in interstate trade  Adamson Act / 8 hour work day  Warehouse Act / extended credit to farmers  Established the Federal Reserve  Established the Federal Trade commission Woodrow Wilson