A. A. Definition B. B. History Microscopes Cytology I. I. Introduction

a. In the 16 th century, Galileo used simple pieces of glass to visualize and describe the eye of an insect. b. In the 17 th century, Van Leeuwenhoek ground glass to visualize the structure of cells like bacteria and sperm. c. Robert Hooke used ground glass to visualize cork structure and coined the term “cellulae” or cell. The advantage of a microscope  magnification and resolution; Magnification  to enlarge; Resolution  to clearly distinguish two objects or clarity

2. 2. Cell Theory

In the 19 th century Schleiden and Schwann said a. Cells are the smallest functional units of life and b. All living things are made up of cells. Later in the 19 th century Virchow and Pasteur added c. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.

A. A. Microscopes Light II. II. Cytological Tools

a. Bright Fieldb. Dark Field c. Phase Contrastd. Confocal

2. 2. Electron

a. Transmissionb. Scanning c. Environmental TEM/SEM

B. B. Stains

a. Vital Stains are mainly from various plant pigments. for for Contrast

b. Antibody stains are more specific and are made by exposing antigen to some host animal. More Contrast

A. A. Strategies Prokaryotes III. III. Basic Cell Design

a. Cell Size Limits  Surface to Volume Ratio Figure 4.2

b. Characteristics Figure 4.4

2. 2. Eukaryotes

Representative Animal Cell Figure 4.7

Representative Plant Cell Figure 4.8

B. B. Parts Cell Membrane a. Molecular Structure

Figure 4.5 Which molecule would act as an impermeable barrier? Which molecule would act as an cellular label or antenna? Which molecule(s) would act as a transporter? Which molecule(s) would act to stiffen the membrane?

b. Functions

Membrane Protein Functions

i. Passive Transport

Requirements = With a Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules, Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar Mechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis Page 82

Osmosis  movement of a solvent (usually H 2 O) across a semi-permeable membrane Figure 5.13

ii. Active Transport

Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient Mechanisms = Molecular Figure 5.14

Mechanisms = Bulk Figure 5.15 If the arrowheads were reversed could you tell the difference?

Mechanisms = Cell-Mediated Once inside the vesicle is the material really inside the cell? Figure 5.16

2. 2. Cytosol = Cell Sap a. Consistency b. Molecular Make-up

a. Cytosol consistency  like thickening Jell-O b. Molecular make-up  92% is water, 7% protein, and the rest is gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water

3. 3. Organelles = Cell Machinery a. Membrane Bound

Nucleus = the keeper of the plans Figure 4.9 Chromatin, nucleolus envelope, and pores,

Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi Figure 4.12

House cleaners -> Lysosome or Peroxisome

Energy Transformers = the Chloroplast and the Mitochondria Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15

Vacuoles = Cell storage sites Animal Types = Food (sugars, lipids, etc), or Contractile (water storage) Plant Types = Central (water storage), Amyloplasts (store starch), and Chromoplasts (store Pigments)

b. Non-Membrane Non-Membrane Bound

Cytoskeleton Figure 4.17

Ribosome and Centrioles Figure 4.19

C. C. Cellular Specializations Microvilli

Microvilli = short non-moving membrane extensions (orange area) to increase cell’s overall surface area

3. 3. Flagella Cilia

Flagella = longer cellular extensions to move the entire cell Cilia = long, moving internal cellular extensions to move something across the cell surface. Figure 4.20

4. 4. Intercellular Junctions

i. Plants ii. Animals Figure 4.11 Figure 4.21 Figure 4.23 Always think function?

5. 5. Extracellular Interactions

Always think function?

Focus on the goal.