NEMO Modelling NSERC – CCAR Projects VITALS Geotraces Photo courtesy Department of Fisheries and Oceans Paul G. Myers, Xianmin Hu, Amber M. Holdsworth, Clark Pennelly, Laura Castro de la Guardia, Laura Gillard, Jingfan Sun, Margaret Campbell, Peggy Courtois, Nathan Grivault, Yarisbel Garcia Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta

Model Configuration ANHA: Arctic and Northern Hemisphere Atlantic Model : NEMO 3.4 LIM2 + EVP Mesh : 1632 x 2400 50 levels Resolution : 1/12 degree LS : ~ 5 km CAA : ~ 4 km km ANHA: Arctic and Northern Hemisphere Atlantic

Experiment Setup Initialization: 3D T, S, U and V (GLORYS1v1, Jan02) Sea Ice Atmospheric forcing (CGRF, hourly): T2, Q2, U10, V10 Precipitation Radiation (SW & LW) Snow: CORE2 (IA) Runoff: Dai and Trenberth climatology OBC: U, V, T and S (GLORYS1v1) NO temperature & salinity restoring Jan 2002 – 2008 -- > 2010 CGRF: CMC GDPS reforecasts CMC: Canadian Meteorological Centre GDPS: Global Deterministic Prediction System GLORYS: GLobal Ocean ReanalYses and Simulations

Labrador Sea in ANHA12 Sea Ice Concentration Sea Ice Thickness Mixed Layer Depth Velocity magnitude averaged over top 55 m Also: animations (2003-2008) at http://knossos.eas.ualberta.ca/myers/NEMO.html

CAA in ANHA12 Sea Ice Concentration Sea Ice Thickness Also: animations (2003-2008) at http://knossos.eas.ualberta.ca/myers/NEMO.html

West Lancaster Sound Fluxes

GLORYS 2v3 vs GLORYS1v1 (volume flux through Bering Strait and Lancaster Sound)

NEMO Updates Compute snow fall from total precipitation based on 2-m air temperature Fixed a discontinuity “line” in wind stress field Update runoff with a new interpolation approach CICE with NEMO3.4 (workable but not tested for long simulation)

NEMO Updates compute snow fall from total precipitation based on 2-m air temperature fixed a discontinuity “line” in wind stress field update runoff with a new interpolation approach CICE with NEMO3.4 (workable but not tested for long simulation)

RUNOFF Update Dai and Trenberth 1o x 1o gridded data Distribute gridded runoff into “coast-buffer-zones” volume conserved salinity changes in top 50m MLD changes

Planned RUNs solid line: finished runs dash/dotted: planned simulation/re-run with updated data orange text: finished or expected finish time time schedule for simulation with CGRF after 2010 is still not known

Sea Ice Model Comparison

Select Ice Thickness Validation

Accumulated Winter Thermodynamic & Dynamic Ice Thickness Change unit: m

AGRIF: Adaptive Grid Refinement In Fortran1 High resolution nest: better resolving skill Simulation runs alongside parent AGRIF forced by separate set of data AGRIF boundaries supplied by parent Computational expense: 2-4 X Control Grid Box 1/4° 1/12° AGRIF Grid Boxes AGRIF Transformation (1:3 Horiz. ratio) 1/4° 1/12° A 0.25 ANHA4: ¼° resolution (parent) X:724 AGRIF 0.20 1/12° X:240 Ice velocity [m/s] 0.15 0.10 Y:290 0.05 Y:874 0.00 B X:814 5 AGRIF 1/12° 4 Y:180 Ice Thickness [m] 3 Y:544 2 X:270 1 1Debreu, Laurent, Christophe Vouland, and Eric Blayo. "AGRIF: Adaptive grid refinement in Fortran." Computers & Geosciences 34.1 (2008): 8-13. 15

4/15/2017

Effect of enhanced melt from Greenland Ice sheet? Warming of our climate is melting Greenland glaciers Greenland ice sheet mass loss trend 2003-2008 (237km3/yr) Deep convection in the Labrador Sea Sea level rise Increase freshwater input in Baffin Bay Two important implications of the melting of Greenland ice sheet on which there is continuous research are the impact of Greenland ice-sheet melt on sea level rise, and this is because of the possibly displacement of many costal cities, and its impact on deep convection and thus the global ocean circulation. So far Greenland glaciers melt is attributed with only 1/4th of the recent total sea level raise. (REF) The effect of Deep water formation in the Labrador Sea and the global circulation still need to be investigated. Some say it will slow down the circulation and others that if eddies are taken into account it will not affect the circulation (REF). But an aspect that has not been addressed is the impact of melting Greenland Ice sheet on Baffin Bay, ecosystem and circulation. Siting right next to the northwest Greenland (one of the margins with the accelerated runoff) Baffin Bay will directly receive a large portion of the runoff. We are concern with what happen on Bafffin Bay not only because the signal can be transmitted to the Labrador Sea, but also because Baffin Bay is healthy ecosystem that serves as a sanctuary for Bowhead whales that were hunted to almost extension in the last century, it is Beluga feeding ground, it is Turbot fish nursery, and in winter, the northwater polynya in the north of Baffin Bay is an oasis for many animals and like elder duck, and an important hunting ground to inuit. Therefore, To address the impact of increase freshwater input in Baffin Bay on the hydrography, circulation and exchanges, we design set of 9 experiments with different amounts of runoff added with an idealized seasonal cycle. The first experiment is actually the control ran with Core perpetual year, and from 2 to 9 the experiments have increasing amounts of runoff from 158 to 1580 kilometer cubic per year, these amounts were chosen to engulf the estimated observed mass loss. Experiments 1 to 9: Exp. 1 Control run Exp. 2- 9 enhance melt from west Greenland, between 158- 1580 km3/yr Hydrography? Circulation? Exchanges? Feedbacks?

Freshwater Pathways into the North Atlantic from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Greenland Ice Sheet Fury and Hecla Strait ANHA 1/12⁰ Configuration Understand pathways of freshwater into the North Atlantic Ocean Fluxes through Fury and Hecla Strait Relative role compared to other gateways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Pathways for the freshwater discharged from major tidewater glaciers around Greenland Function of time and glacier location Pathways of Irminger Water to coastal Greenland Holloway and Proshutinsky 2007 All questions will be examined by using output from a suite of ocean general circulation models (NEMO) at 1/4 ⁰ and 1/12⁰, as well as Lagrangian particle tracking tool for trajectory analysis Laura C. Gillard and Paul G. Myers Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta Probabilities from forward trajectories, run at 1/4 ⁰ resolution, initiated at Helheim Glacier