J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 1 GGE6022 Special Topics in Ocean Mapping environmental controls on on survey design John E. Hughes Clarke

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 2 the main objective is to learn how to perform an in-depth analysis of the oceanographic and sedimentological framework of a geographic region (an area in which you intend to conduct a hydrographic survey). The focus of the analysis is to be able to reasonably predict the performance of acoustic survey instrumentation in the region and thus influence the design of the most-economic and informative survey.

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 3 The performance of acoustic sensors in Hydrographic Survey is influenced by: Oceanography: Propagation, Refraction Surficial Geology: Reflection and Scattering And increasingly the main focus of the survey is not nautical charting, rather it is the oceanography and surficial sedimentology for the purposes of: Environmental/Pollution monitoring Offshore Engineering Fisheries habitat mapping Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Mine Laying Potential (burial/clutter)

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 4 Using your knowledge gained in: GGE 3353 and GGE 5013 (or equivalent) Research a case study of the oceanographic and surficial sedimentological variability in a specific geographic region For the purpose of: Conducting an acoustic survey

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 5 Criteria for choice of region: 1.An area for which there is extensive oceanographic and sedimentologic literature 2.That hopefully is of interest to you 3.That is not boring (exhibits variations in the water column and seabed over space and/or time)

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 6 Bradford- Scotian Shelf Muir- Straits of Juan de Fuca Beaudoin- North West Passage Wert- Beaufort Sea/Amundsen Gulf Manteigas- Gulf of St. Lawrence Coppola- Gulf of Maine? Watts- Northumberland Strait? Griffin- Bras d’Or Lakes Delpeche- Hudson River Estuary

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 7 Literature Search: Journals: Oceanography: Continental Shelf Research Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science Atmosphere-Ocean (CMOS) Journal of Physical Oceanography Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans Surficial Sedimentology: Marine Geology GeoMarine Letters Sedimentology Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Public Domain Reports: CHS Charts (field sheets probaly too fine scale) GSC Open File Reports (including map series) DFO Science papers (oceanography) Environment Canada (meteorological data)

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 8 Preliminary Study : - due by mid term Background Literature Search - At least 20 references should be available (don't choose interesting but insufficiently studied areas!). Geological Framework, Physical Constraints - describe the principal geological units that make up the lithified bedrock in the area. Define the contributing watersheds in the surrounding terrestrial topography. Potential sources and sinks of terrigenous and/or carbonate sediment (modern deltas, reefs, relict sediments). Obtain the best bathymetric model of the area outlining the boundary constraints (links to open ocean, headlands, constrictions, sources of freshwater). Meterological Environment - seasonal rainfall, wind directions, temperature, sunshine, influence of ice formation. Tidal Regime Analysis - Using the available tidal constituents for stations within the area of interest describe the type and range of the tides. Discuss the propagation (phase and amplitude variability) of the tides throughout the region of interest. Preliminary study must be presented as a document accompanying an oral presentation to the class at the time of the mid-term.... Week of 21st October - Oral Presentation of Preliminary Study Week of 28th October - Delivery of Preliminary Report

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 9 Detailed Study - due by end of term Oceanographic Environment - Description of the temperature and salinity structure of the region, its likely variability daily, tidally (if known), seasonally and geographically. An explanation of the driving forces on the hydrographic regime (open ocean forcing, tidal mixing, wave mixing, solar heating, fresh water influences). Sedimentological Environment - Modern surficial sediment distribution - what fraction is active and what relict. Recent sealevel history transgressive- regressive. Modern sources and sinks of sediment. Modes of sediment transport. Influence of tidal currents, v. unidirectional v. wave resuspension, ice rafting etc.... Detailed study must be presented as a document accompanying an oral presentation to the class at the time of the final. Week of 8th December - Oral Presentations to Class of Detailed Study Week of 15th December - Final delivery of Hard Copy Report

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 10 Summer time Sea Surface Temperature ? Why does it look like this ? Surface and subsurface Distribution of T and S as a function of time of year Surface (and subsurface IF available) Tidal AND residual currents From J. Sharples, SOC)

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 11 Surficial Geology: What is the source of the available interpretations? Grabs Echo-trace interpretations Subbottom profiler records 100% multibeam coverage What is the density of the available data? Reconnaissance Systematic (5km, 1km, 100m) 100% coverage.. How should we interpret “sedimentary facies” in terms of Bottom roughness and surficial impedance ? Is the LaHave Clay a clay (no) Is the Emerald Silt a silt (rarely)

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping dB -5 dB Back- scatter strength Bathymetry (sun-000) Bathymetry (sun-090) 5000m 200m 250m 300m 350m 400m CCGS Amundsen Gulf of St. Lawrence Transit Sheet 26

J.E. Hughes Clarke, OMG/UNB GGE6022 Special topics in Ocean Mapping 13 Assessment: Midterm Report25% Final Report75%