Group 4 – Marine Energy Marine Current Modelling For Energy Production James Glynn Kirsten Hamilton Tom McCombes Malcolm MacDonald James Glynn Kirsten Hamilton Tom McCombes Malcolm MacDonald

Project Definition Investigate the characteristics of the tidal resources in Scotland and demonstrate how to match those resources with the appropriate Marine current technology

Project Flowchart STAGE 1 A. Resource InvestigationB. Technology Investigation ii) Vertical axis turbine iii) Oscillating Hydrofoil i) Horizontal axis turbine TOMS software A. Matching Methodology STAGE 2 Environmental Impact & Planning Assessment B. Case study MappingTidal Data STAGE 3 Expert system

A. Conclusion of Resource Analysis Tidal Flow Model  Resultant Phase & Tidal Flow UKHO EasyTide port & Chart surface flow data  Cyclic Bulk Flow Velocity  Corrected Flow, Meander, Surface Friction, Venturi effects  Energy Loss. Manning Vs Bernoulli Velocity Shear Model - TOM’s  Detail Bathymetry Vs Approx Geometry  Shear Effects  Boundary Layer Thickness  Manning No.  Cf & Drag Correlation Vertical & Horizontal Vel Distribution Tidal Flow Model  Resultant Phase & Tidal Flow UKHO EasyTide port & Chart surface flow data  Cyclic Bulk Flow Velocity  Corrected Flow, Meander, Surface Friction, Venturi effects  Energy Loss. Manning Vs Bernoulli Velocity Shear Model - TOM’s  Detail Bathymetry Vs Approx Geometry  Shear Effects  Boundary Layer Thickness  Manning No.  Cf & Drag Correlation Vertical & Horizontal Vel Distribution

Model Validation The Strait of Messina

Model Validation

Map Strait of Messina Bathymetry Seabed Geology  Surface roughness  C f   wall Map Strait of Messina Bathymetry Seabed Geology  Surface roughness  C f   wall Model Validation

Map Strait of Messina Bathymetry Seabed Geology  Surface roughness  C f   wall Map Strait of Messina Bathymetry Seabed Geology  Surface roughness  C f   wall

Model Validation Seabed equivalent diameter 10km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm Seabed equivalent diameter 10km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm

Seabed equivalent diameter 10km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm Seabed equivalent diameter 10km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm Model Validation

Velocity profile from Coles law assumes turbulent BL & similitude. May not be the case Algorithm computationally expensive: savings if power law is adopted Need other profiles to compare with: USGS use 7 th power law Is just a curve fit Velocity profile from Coles law assumes turbulent BL & similitude. May not be the case Algorithm computationally expensive: savings if power law is adopted Need other profiles to compare with: USGS use 7 th power law Is just a curve fit

B. Conclusion of Technology Investigation 3 Main Generic Technology Types  Horizontal Axis Turbine, Oscillating Hydrofoil.  Quasi-Dynamic Modelling, BEM, Yaw Correction, Time Step  Flow conditions & Model Geometry  System Loads  Torque  Power 3 Main Generic Technology Types  Horizontal Axis Turbine, Oscillating Hydrofoil.  Quasi-Dynamic Modelling, BEM, Yaw Correction, Time Step  Flow conditions & Model Geometry  System Loads  Torque  Power

Vertical Turbine Model Multi-Streamtube BEMS model for Darrieus type turbine is in production. Nothing really to show for it. Yet. Except:

SIF & Blockage effects Significant Impact Factor> what exactly is it?  The recognition and quantification of the fact that placing energy extraction devices in a tidal stream must vary the characteristics of that resource  If the average flow in a stream is 2.0 m/s, and one was to place 5 turbines in that stream, the average flow rate will experience a net decrease, with localised increases, causing turbulence and potentially affecting the actual topography of the site through sediment transport, scouring and so forth  Chow and Manning have to agree, that placing obstructions in a tidal stream reduces the net flow rate, due to blockage and energy losses.  If the kinetic energy flux in a stream is a function of velocity cubed and c.s.a, this energy comes from the gravitational effects of the sun and moon. If one extracts a portion of this energy from the stream, which has had work done on it by gravity, mass continuity tells us therefore that the velocity must decrease, inversely with energy extraction.  It would be very handy to be able to model this, as some kind of optimal deployment ratio must be achievable  Since work is being done, on the body of water, it will continue to be done after exiting the turbine, thus we may expect the flow to rejuvenate at some point.  The ability of flow recovery (turbulent, slow) is an approximation of free stream Significant Impact Factor> what exactly is it?  The recognition and quantification of the fact that placing energy extraction devices in a tidal stream must vary the characteristics of that resource  If the average flow in a stream is 2.0 m/s, and one was to place 5 turbines in that stream, the average flow rate will experience a net decrease, with localised increases, causing turbulence and potentially affecting the actual topography of the site through sediment transport, scouring and so forth  Chow and Manning have to agree, that placing obstructions in a tidal stream reduces the net flow rate, due to blockage and energy losses.  If the kinetic energy flux in a stream is a function of velocity cubed and c.s.a, this energy comes from the gravitational effects of the sun and moon. If one extracts a portion of this energy from the stream, which has had work done on it by gravity, mass continuity tells us therefore that the velocity must decrease, inversely with energy extraction.  It would be very handy to be able to model this, as some kind of optimal deployment ratio must be achievable  Since work is being done, on the body of water, it will continue to be done after exiting the turbine, thus we may expect the flow to rejuvenate at some point.  The ability of flow recovery (turbulent, slow) is an approximation of free stream

SIF..investigators have also noted that for any site, only a finite proportion of the total energy can be extracted without significantly altering the site’s general flow speed, which could have economic and environmental consequences.. The SIF is unique to particular sites and may vary between 10% and 50% of the energy in the flow Carbon Trust 2005 RGU’s envir impact suggest 10% max flow reduction ~ could be more Packing densities suggested at 60m lateral and 250m longitudinal Based on Chow’s Open Channel Hydraulics obstruction correction factors can be applied to a case study, with sensitivity analysis, to see effects Flow velocity is not constant, but varies with the sine of the period, at the specified instant, as does time-step acceleration, work done and force, if desired Further, flow passes through the swept area in a quantity depending on efficiency and pitch angle (axial predominantly). Using these parameters, Chow’s correction factors and sensitivity SIF can be calculated, and related back to previous work, Couch, Bryden...investigators have also noted that for any site, only a finite proportion of the total energy can be extracted without significantly altering the site’s general flow speed, which could have economic and environmental consequences.. The SIF is unique to particular sites and may vary between 10% and 50% of the energy in the flow Carbon Trust 2005 RGU’s envir impact suggest 10% max flow reduction ~ could be more Packing densities suggested at 60m lateral and 250m longitudinal Based on Chow’s Open Channel Hydraulics obstruction correction factors can be applied to a case study, with sensitivity analysis, to see effects Flow velocity is not constant, but varies with the sine of the period, at the specified instant, as does time-step acceleration, work done and force, if desired Further, flow passes through the swept area in a quantity depending on efficiency and pitch angle (axial predominantly). Using these parameters, Chow’s correction factors and sensitivity SIF can be calculated, and related back to previous work, Couch, Bryden.

Results analysis Study undertaken on two distinct sites Some interesting relationships…  Further model input information perhaps  Suggested: “..analysis suggests a non-linear relationship between energy extracted and velocity deficit.” C&B  10% extraction = 5 k rejuvenation/recovery distance Results: Channel used displays venturi effects, RGU have square cross-section, and uniform length, but general accord with findings Study undertaken on two distinct sites Some interesting relationships…  Further model input information perhaps  Suggested: “..analysis suggests a non-linear relationship between energy extracted and velocity deficit.” C&B  10% extraction = 5 k rejuvenation/recovery distance Results: Channel used displays venturi effects, RGU have square cross-section, and uniform length, but general accord with findings

Analysis

Technology Comparisons Efficiency-Velocity-Area 3D Curve  Optimal site specific device characteristics  Extractable energy For each technology compare:  Size of inflow AREA  Flow VELOCITY  POWER output or EFFICIENCY Allow tidal developer to immediately identify how the different technologies perform in respect to their size and the relationship to velocity and efficiency Efficiency-Velocity-Area 3D Curve  Optimal site specific device characteristics  Extractable energy For each technology compare:  Size of inflow AREA  Flow VELOCITY  POWER output or EFFICIENCY Allow tidal developer to immediately identify how the different technologies perform in respect to their size and the relationship to velocity and efficiency

Proposed Methodology Objective : To define rules to match the most appropriate technology to a particular resource site A number of tools have been developed throughout the project for this purpose:  Surface Tidal Current Spreadsheet  The influence of shear on the Velocity distribution for a profile  3 generic technology models Performing analysis between different technologies and their power output and efficiency for varying flow Objective : To define rules to match the most appropriate technology to a particular resource site A number of tools have been developed throughout the project for this purpose:  Surface Tidal Current Spreadsheet  The influence of shear on the Velocity distribution for a profile  3 generic technology models Performing analysis between different technologies and their power output and efficiency for varying flow

Proposed Methodology 2 parts  Analysing resource  Matching the resource with a particular technology for the most suitable power output Resource Methodology:  Manual, step by step process  Essentially complete Technology Methodology  Preliminary stages and defining logic for the process  Hopefully automated process with a series of inputs and programmed outputs 2 parts  Analysing resource  Matching the resource with a particular technology for the most suitable power output Resource Methodology:  Manual, step by step process  Essentially complete Technology Methodology  Preliminary stages and defining logic for the process  Hopefully automated process with a series of inputs and programmed outputs

Resource Methodology

Technology Methodology Use the velocity distribution of the profile to answer the following questions:  What type of technology to use?  What size of the machine?  How many machines?  Where to locate the machines?  What is the combined power output of the machines?  What is the efficiency of the machines?  What is the appropriate distance that the next set of machines should be spaced along the length the channel? Use the velocity distribution of the profile to answer the following questions:  What type of technology to use?  What size of the machine?  How many machines?  Where to locate the machines?  What is the combined power output of the machines?  What is the efficiency of the machines?  What is the appropriate distance that the next set of machines should be spaced along the length the channel?

Technology Methodology Calculate the most appropriate range of velocity for various modular sizes of each technology type e.g. for arbitrary values … Calculate the most appropriate range of velocity for various modular sizes of each technology type e.g. for arbitrary values … Type of Technology and most Appropriate Size for Velocity Range Flow velocityVelocity Range Horizontal Turbine Vertical Turbine Oscillating Hydrofoil v1v size 1 v2v v3v size 2 v4v size 2 v5v v6v size 2 v7v v8v size 3 v9v size 3 v size 3 v v

Technology Methodology

WIP: Website

Next Steps: Finish programming and calculations for the resource methodology & (quasi- rigorous) validation of all models Complete case study on the Sound of Jura to prove robustness of work and further quantify methodology Examine economic and cost issues for different technology types and resource characteristics Complete website Finish programming and calculations for the resource methodology & (quasi- rigorous) validation of all models Complete case study on the Sound of Jura to prove robustness of work and further quantify methodology Examine economic and cost issues for different technology types and resource characteristics Complete website