DECEMBER 1941 – MAY, 1942

IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHIC AREAS (see map,p.260) THE PHILIPPINES TAIWAN (FORMOSA) INDOCHINA MALAYA (MALAYAN PENINSULA) SINGAPORE INDONESIA BURMA NEW GUINEA THE SOLOMON ISLANDS THE CORAL SEA AUSTRALIA MIDWAY ISLAND WAKE ISLAND GUAM ISLAND

KEY INDIVIDUALS ADMIRAL CHESTER NIMITZ, USN ADMIRAL RAYMOND SPRUANCE, USN ADMIRAL FRANK FLETCHER, USN ADMIRAL WILLIAM HALSEY, USN ADMIRAL ISORUKU YAMAMOTO, IJN ADMIRAL CHUICHI NAGUMO, IJN GENERAL DOUGLAS MacARTHUR, USA GENERAL ARTHUR PERCIVAL, UK GENRAL WILLIAM SLIM, UK GENERAL TOMOYUKI YAMASHITA

KEY DATES DEC. 8, 1941: WAKE ISLAND CAPTURED DEC. 10, 1941: GUAM ISLAND CAPTURED JAN. 27, 1942: BATTLE OF THE JAVA SEA FEB. 15, 1942: SINGAPORE SURRENDERS APRIL 9, 1942: BATAAN SURRENDER / BATAAN DEATH MARCH BEGINS APRIL 22, 1942: BURMA SURRENDERS TO JAPANESE MAY 6, 1942: FALL OF CORREGIDOR

JAPANESE EXPANSION & CONQUEST IN S.E. ASIA & THE SOUTH PACIFIC,

JAPANESE EXPANSION WHERE? INTO WHAT AREAS OF ASIA & THE PACIFIC DID JAPAN EXTEND HER EMPIRE IN LATE 1941, EARLY 1942? FRENCH INDOCHINA THAILAND MALAYAN PENINSULA / SINGAPORE INDONESIA PHILIPPINES BURMA NEW GUINEA PACIFIC ISLANDS (WAKE, GUAM, etc.) WHY? WHAT WERE THE SPECIFIC REASONS FOR CONQUEST IN EACH AREA? INDOCHINA: RUBBER, FOOD THAILAND: FOOD, STRATEGIC LOCATIONS (military) MALAYA / SINGAPORE: NAVAL BASES (strategic location) INDONESIA: OIL, MINERALS PHILIPPINES: STRATEGIC LOCATIONS (military) BURMA: STAGING AREA FOR INVASION OF INDIA NEW GUINEA: STRATEGIC LOCATION STAGING AREA FOR INVASION OF AUSTRALIA PACIFIC ISLANDS: OUTLER LINE OF MILITARY BASES

SINGAPORE MALAYA & SINGAPORE: BRITISH-HELD COLONY THAT CONTROLLED WATER ROUTES FROM PACIFIC TO INDIAN OCEAN STRAIT OF MALACCA – MOST IMPORTANT WATER ROUTE SINGAPORE: BRITISH NAVAL / MILITARY BASE AT ENTRANCE TO STRAIT OF MALACCA JAPANESE NEEDED LOCATION FOR FURTHER EXPANSION JAN.-FEB., 1942: JAPANESE ASSAULT MALAYA & SINGAPORE BRITISH DEFENSIVE POSITIONS ARE TOO THIN JAPANESE ASSAULT IS RAPID FEB. 15, 1942: SINGAPORE SURRENDERS FALL OF SINGAPORE IS DISASTER FOR BRITISH & ALLIES LARGEST SURRENDER IN BRITISH MILITARY HISTORY (130,000 TROOPS) Q: WHY IS FALL OF SINGAPORE SO DEVESTATING FOR ALLIES?

JAPAN’S ASSAULT ON MALAYA, JAN.-FEB. 1942

Lt.GEN. ARTHUR PERCIVAL, COMMANDER, SINGAPORE

JAPANESE ASSUALT ON SINGAPORE FEBRUARY, 1942

BRITISH SURRENDER TO JAPANESE, SINGAPORE, FEB. 15, 1942

GEN. TOMOYUKI YAMASHITA, IJA, “THE TIGER OF MALAYA”

TOMOYUKI YAMASHITA

GEN. PERCIVAL SURRENDERS SINGAPORE TO GEN. YAMASHITA

JAPANESE TROOPS CELEBRATE THE OF SINGAPORE

BRITISH TROOPS SURRENDER AT SINGAPORE

GEN. PERCIVAL, U.K., SURRENDERS TO JAPANESE

JAPANESE EXPANSION & CONQUEST IN S.E. ASIA & THE SOUTH PACIFIC, DEC.,’41-MAY ‘42

INDONESIA & S. PACIFIC FALL OF SINGAPORE: GIVES JAPAN CONTROL OF STRAIT OF MALACCA PROVIDES BASE FOR ASSAULT ON INDONESIA INDONESIA: JAPAN NEEDS RESOURCES FOUND THERE: OIL METALS WILL PROVIDE BASE FOR ASSAULT ON NEW GUINEA AUSTRALIANS CANNOT DEFEND AUSTRALIA w/out ALLIED SUPPORT ALLIES POOL FORCES AND CREATED “ABDA” FORCE “ABDA” (AMERICAN-BRITISH-DUTCH-AUSTRALIAN) RELIES ON ALLIED NAVAL FORCES TO PREVENT CONQUEST OF INDONESIA FEB. 27, 1942: BATTLE OF JAVA SEA: JAPANESE DEFEAT ALLIED NAVAL FORCE MARCH 12, 1942: DUTCH SURRENDER INDONESIA RESULT? NEW GUINEA IS OPEN FOR INVASION AUSTRALIA IS DIRECTLY THREATENED WITH INVASION

THE PHILIPPINES WHEN? DEC., 1941-MAY, 1942 WHY? U.S. PACIFIC FORCES ARE THERE & ARE THREAT TO JAPAN STRATEGIC LOCATION FOR EXPANSION GEN. DOUGLAS MacARTHUR IS IN COMMAND U.S. / FILIPINO FORCES ARE… UNDERSTRENGTH (only 28,ooo combat-ready troops)* UNPREPARED ISOLATED FROM U.S. *More troops were available, but they weren’t adequately prepared for combat DEC.8, 1941: ATTACK BEGINS; U.S. AIR FORCES DESTROYED (similar to Pearl Harbor) MacARTHUR DOESN’T REACT QUICKLY JAPANESE ASSAULT IS RAPID – LIKE MALAYA LATE DEC./EARLY JAN. – ALLIED FORCES PUSHED INTO BATAAN PENINSULA & CORREGIDOR ISLAND MARCH 12: MacARTHUR ORDERED TO LEAVE BY F.D.R. APRIL 9, 1942: BATAAN FORCES SURRENDER; BATAAN DEATH MARCH BEGINS MAY 6, 1942: CORREGIDOR SURRENDERS RESULT? PHILIPPINES ARE CONTROLLED BY JAPAN SO WHAT?

GENERAL DOUGLAS MacARTHUR, COMMANDER, U.S. FORCES, PHILIPPINES LATER COMMANDER, U.S. FORCES, SOUTHWEST PACIFIC

GEN. DOUGLAS MacARTHUR

MacARTHUR STATUE, PRESENT-DAY, PHILIPPINES “I SHALL RETURN” Douglas MacArthur, 1942

JAPANESE INVASION OF THE PHILIPPINES,

THE FALL OF BATAAN, APRIL 1942

THE FALL OF CORREGIDOR, MAY 1942

JAPANESE TROOPS GIVING “BANZAI” AFTER FALL OF CORREGIDOR

U.S. & FILIPINO PRISONERS AFTER SURRENDER TO JAPANESE

BATAAN DEATH MARCH BEGINS

THE BATAAN DEATH MARCH WHEN? APRIL 9 – 16, 1942 WHERE? BATAAN PENINSULA, PHILIPPINES WHAT? FORCED MARCH OF U.S. & FILIPINO P.O.W.s FROM BATAAN PENINSULA TO CAMP O’DONNELL (JAPANESE PRISON CAMP) APPROXIMATELY 80,000 U.S. & FILIPINO P.O.W.s (approx. 67,000 FILIPINOS, 12,000 U.S., & 1,000 CHINESE-FILIPINOS) WHAT HAPPENED? JAPANESE HAD UNDERESTIMATED # OF P.O.W.s THEY WOULD HAVE TO TRANSPORT DID NOT HAVE ADEQUATE SUPPLIES & TRANSPORT FOR ALL P.O.W.s FORCED MARCH WAS JAPANESE SOLUTION DISTANCE TO P.O.W. CAMP WAS 65 mi. (approx. distance) JAPANESE GUARDS COMMIT NUMEROUS ATROCITIES AGAINST P.O.W.s DURING MARCH EXAMLES: SHOOTING, BAYONETINGS, BEHEADINGS, BEATINGS, DENIAL OF WATER/FOOD, THEFT, RAPE FINAL RESULT? ONLY 54,000 OF TOTAL # REACHED CAMP O’DONNELL CASUALTIES: 10,000 FILIPINO, 700 U.S. KILLED (approx.) – 25% DEATH RATE MORE DIED OVER TIME IN P.O.W. CAMPS NEWS OF BATAAN DETAH MARCH REACHED U.S. & U.S. PUBLIC IS ENRAGED PERPETRATORS WERE TRIED FOR WAR CRIMES AFTER WWII

DEATH MARCH NEARS PRISON CAMP

PRESENT-DAY DEATH MARCH MARKER

U.S. PROPAGANDA POSTER, 1942

AUSTRALIAN PROPAGANDA POSTER, 1942

ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ANTI-AMERICAN JAPANESE PROPAGANDA POSTER

JAPANESE ASSAULT ON THAILAND, DECEMBER, 1941

JAPANESE ASSAULT ON BURMA, SPRING 1942

JAPANESE ADVANCE TOWARDS INDIA,

JAPANESE CONQUESTS, DEC., 1941-MAY, 1942

FINAL RESULTS JAPAN HAS EXTENDED EMPIRE OVER MOST OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC / FAR EAST ASIA LIMITS OF JAPANESE EMPIRE: NORTH: ALASKA & BORDERS OF THE USSR EAST: WAKE ISLAND WEST: INDIA & CENTRAL CHINA SOUTH: NEW GUINEA & BORDERS OF AUSTRALIA SPRING, JAPAN IS PREPARING FOR: ASSAULT ON AUSTRALIA ASSAULT AGAINST MIDWAY ISLAND ASSAULT AGAINST EASTERN INDIA JAPANESE ARE… ADVANCING ON ALL FRONTS APPEARING TO BE “UNSTOPPABLE”