Plant Physiology z “physis” ynature of y(ultimate reasons …) z physical & chemical basis for functions z z structure – form yanatomy and morphology

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Bio zLecture 75% yExam I -> 1/5 yExam II -> 1/5 yFinal -> 2/5 yLect. Qu.’s -> 1/5 y--> % yEvery part is converted to a % score z Lab 25% yBattery of 12 Labs -> 48 pts xStudent Journal yIndependent Research Project -> 22 pts xJournal Form: Intro, M & M, Results, Sum & Conclusions, Lit. Cited yLab Quizzes -> 40 pts yTOTAL PTS -> 110 -> _%

Lab Journal zFor Each Investigation: yPurpose: xa statement of the main objective of the activity; what you are testing, measuring or observing yProcedures (Protocol): xprovided by the instructor through oral communications and handouts; summarized in journal yData (Results): xYour whole class data along with your own individual or group data whenever possible ySummary and Conclusions: y4 pts/lab X 12 = 48 pts y(You Control the Organization!)

Plant Physiology z Plant Functions: (?) y1. y2. y3. y4. y5.

Plant Physiology zForm & Function z Plant Functions: y1. capture energy & assimilate carbon y2. distribute nutrients & water y3. grow & develop y4. reproduce y5. respond to the environment y- How Plants Work

Plant Physiology zForm & Function z Plant Functions – How they work z I. Phytohormones z II. Water Relations z III. Biochemistry z Main Units of Bio 340

Transpiration? zGuard Cells, Stomates zglucose flux, ion flux

z Reductionism?

z Emergence?

Vascular vs. Non-vascular Plants

Plant Cell smallest functional unit z cell wall z plasma membrane z protoplast z organelles z nucleus/nucleoplasm z cytoplasm z Cytosol (gel)

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zPlasma Membrane - Plasmalemma z up to 50% Phospholipid z up to 50% Protein yIntegral, Peripheral ypores, enzyme systems zbilayer in water zimpermeable to most charged particles zmade in ER, Chloroplasts & mitochndria z fig 1.16

Plasmalemma Unit Membrane & Fluid Mozaic Models z___________ zProtein z____________ zPhospholipid z__ zPhospholipid z____________ zProtein z____________ z fig 1.17 z Integral, Peripheral ypores, enzyme systems yGlycolipids

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zVacuole - z fluid-filled sac within most plant cells; surrounded by plasmalemma called tonoplast (aqueous) z May be % of cell volume zfunction: uptake of water and cell enlargement

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zNucleus - z Genetic Material DNA z Chromosomes z Double Membrane - pores zNucleolus -

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zNucleus - z Genetic Material DNA z Chromosomes z Double Membrane - pores zNucleolus - z -> Ribosome production z (Protein production)

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zEndoplasmic Reticulum z system of membrane- z canals within the cell z rough - (ribosomes) z smooth - zGolgi Complex z Cis Cisterna z Trans Cisterna z fig.1.4

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zGolgi Complex z Cis Cisterna z Trans Cisterna z fig.1.4

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zCytoskeleton z 3-D network z Microtubules z tubulin z Microfilaments z actin z Dynamic -> z Cytoplasmic Streaming z tubulin Actin

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zCytoskeleton z 3-D network z z fig.1.22

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zMitochondrion - z double membrane cover z

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zMitochondrion - z double membrane cover z Cell respiration -> ATPs z glycolysis z Krebs Cycle

Plant Cell smallest functional unit z z Chloroplast - z photosynthesis “Endosymbiosis”

Plant Cell smallest functional unit z Plastids - z Protoplast -> z Chloroplast - z photosynthesis z Amyloplast - z starch storage z Chromoplast - z pigment storage z fig. 1.21

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zMicrobodies z Oleosomes - z Peroxisomes - z Glyoxysomes -

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zMicrobodies z Oleosomes - lipid storage; mainly in seeds z 1/2 membrane cover; from smooth ER z Peroxisomes - contain catalase; rid hydrogen peroxide z single layer membrane cover z Glyoxysomes - fatty-acid metabolism z single layer membrane cover z

Plant Cell smallest functional unit z Cell Wall - Primary z - Cellulose Microfibrils 50% - Pectin 35% z z - Glycans (10%) z forms X-linkages z between Microfibrils, z dynamic z

Plant Cell smallest functional unit z Cell Wall - Secondary z 45 % Cellulose z Less Pectin z Less Glycans z Little Pectins z 35% Lignin z woody z high strength z(concrete reinforced with steel rods) z (2) Zones z

Plant Cell smallest functional unit z Cell Plate - z fusion of Golgi Bodies z -> Middle Lamella z Cellulose Synthase - emzyme for cellulose poduction z

Plant Cell smallest functional unit z Plasmodesmata - z continuation of z plasmalemma z between cells zDesmotubules - z continuation of ER z

Plant Cell smallest functional unit zPrimary Pit Field - z No secondary CW z zPits, Pit Pairs

Pathways zSymplast yconnections of cytosol through plasmodesmata zApoplast ynon-cytoplasmic spaces

Cells --> Tissues zParenchyma - photosynthesis; storage z (Chlorenchyma); undifferentiated cells zCollenchyma - support zSclerenchyma - support zXylem - (tracheids & vessels) conducting z water & minerals zPhloem - (seive tube elements & z companion cells); conducting organic food in z solution

Cells --> Tissues zEpidermis - protective covering; replaced by z phlellem; (guard cells, cuticle) zPeriderm - (Cork or phlellem cells); forms cork z cambium

Plant Development seed --> embryo --> adult plant

Plant Development embryos

Largest Seed Known??

Adult Plant Body (angiosperm organs) zMeristems z Apical yprimary growth zLateral ysecondary growth yvascular cambium ycork cambium

Adult Plant Body (angiosperm organs) zMeristems z Apical yprimary growth zLateral ysecondary growth yvascular cambium ycork cambium

Adult Plant Body (angiosperm organs) zRoot

Adult Plant Body (angiosperm organs) zStem

Monocots vs. Dicots

Leaves Petiole & Blade

Leaves