Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The illustration shows a thermometer that uses a column of liquid (usually mercury or ethanol) to measure air temperature. In thermal equilibrium, this thermometer measures the temperature of A. the column of liquid. B. the glass that encloses the liquid. C. the air outside the thermometer. D. both A. and B. E. all of A., B., and C. Q17.1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A17.1 The illustration shows a thermometer that uses a column of liquid (usually mercury or ethanol) to measure air temperature. In thermal equilibrium, this thermometer measures the temperature of A. the column of liquid. B. the glass that encloses the liquid. C. the air outside the thermometer. D. both A. and B. E. all of A., B., and C.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Conversions are expected Values on the temperatures scales (Fahrenheit, Centigrade/Celsius, and Kelvin) may be readily interconverted. Physics professors will want values to eventually be in Kelvin because that is the form in SI units (and Fahrenheit is dumb).

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Temperature scales Which temperature is greater or smaller: 20 °F, 20 °C, 20 K? Temperatures are ranked from smallest to largest. A. 20 °F < 20 °C < 20 K B. 20 °C < 20 °F < 20 K C. 20 °C < 20 K < 20 °F D. 20 K < 20 °F < 20 °C

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A. 20 °F < 20 °C < 20 K B. 20 °C < 20 °F < 20 K C. 20 °C < 20 K < 20 °F D. 20 K < 20 °F < 20 °C Which temperature is greater or smaller: 20 °F, 20 °C, 20 K? Temperatures are ranked from smallest to largest. Temperature scales

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Temperature scales Three samples start at the same temperature. The three samples are then heated by  T = 5 °F, 5 °C and 5 K, respectively? Which one has the highest final temperature?  T is ranked from smallest to largest A. 5 °F < 5 °C = 5 K B. 5 °C = 5 °F < 5 K C. 5 °C = 5 K < 5 °F D. 5 K < 5 °F < 5 °C

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A. 5 °F < 5 °C = 5 K B. 5 °C = 5 °F < 5 K C. 5 °C = 5 K < 5 °F D. 5 K < 5 °F < 5 °C Three samples start at the same temperature. The three samples are then heated by  T = 5 °F, 5 °C and 5 K, respectively? Which one has the highest final temperature?  T is ranked from smallest to largest Temperature scales

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Q17.2 A sample of a low-density gas is initially at room temperature and has pressure p 0. The gas is warmed at constant volume until the pressure is 2p 0. Compared to the initial Celsius temperature of the gas, the final Celsius temperature is A. greater by a factor of more than 2. B. greater by a factor of 2. C. greater by a factor between 1 and 2. D. the same. E. less.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A17.2 A. greater by a factor of more than 2. B. greater by a factor of 2. C. greater by a factor between 1 and 2. D. the same. E. less. A sample of a low-density gas is initially at room temperature and has pressure p 0. The gas is warmed at constant volume until the pressure is 2p 0. Compared to the initial Celsius temperature of the gas, the final Celsius temperature is

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A quantity of an ideal gas is contained in a balloon. Initially the gas temperature is 27°C. You double the pressure on the balloon and change the temperature so that the balloon shrinks to one-quarter of its original volume. What is the new temperature of the gas? A. 54°C B. 27°C C. 13.5°C D. –123°C E. –198°C Q18.1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A quantity of an ideal gas is contained in a balloon. Initially the gas temperature is 27°C. You double the pressure on the balloon and change the temperature so that the balloon shrinks to one-quarter of its original volume. What is the new temperature of the gas? A. 54°C B. 27°C C. 13.5°C D. –123°C E. –198°C A18.1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley This pV–diagram shows three possible states of a certain amount of an ideal gas. Which state is at the highest temperature? A. state #1 B. state #2 C. state #3 D. Two of these are tied for highest temperature. E. All three of these are at the same temperature. Q18.2 p V O

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A. state #1 B. state #2 C. state #3 D. Two of these are tied for highest temperature. E. All three of these are at the same temperature. A18.2 p V O This pV–diagram shows three possible states of a certain amount of an ideal gas. Which state is at the highest temperature?

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley You have a 1 g sample of hydrogen gas and helium gas. Approximately how many moles and how many molecules do you have of each sample? Molar mass

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Car engine In automobile engine, a mixture of air and gasoline is compressed in the cylinders before being ignited. A typical engine has a compression ratio of 9.00:1. The initial pressure is 1.00 atm and the initial temperature is 27°C. If pressure after compression is 21.7 atm, find the temperature of the compressed gas.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Thermal processes You have two identical samples of gas held at P 1, V 1. One sample undergoes an isothermal process that halves its volume, the other undergoes an isobaric process that halves its volume. Find final pressure and volume P f and V f for the two gas samples in terms of P 1, V 1. Which gas is at a higher temperature and by what factor?

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Atoms You have hydrogen and nitrogen gas in two identical containers at equal pressure. Compare number of moles, number of molecules and mass between the two containers.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley An improvement to the equation of state The van der Waals equation includes corrections for the facts that molecules are not point particles, that they have volume, and for the attraction/repulsion that naturally exists between the adjacent atoms/molecules in an ensemble.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Δ (PV) curves at constant temperature—isotherms A single experiment can measure how pressure changes as volume changes. This is an isothermal curve. Many isothermal curves together make a three- dimensional phase surface. How do you predict from these graphs what happens to material in a sealed, rigid container if temperature is increased?