Section 9.3 Volcanic Landforms.

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Presentation transcript:

Section 9.3 Volcanic Landforms

Notes 9.3 Types of Volcanoes make this chart in your notebook page 203 shield cinder Composite stratovolcano Size, shape Draw a diagram Slope: Boundary: TIME to form LAVA type: ERUPTION: Examples:

Shield Broad, slight dome shape gently sloping TIME: Slow to form Divergent, mid-ocean ridge, hot spots LAVA: Very fluid – mafic basaltic lava, low gas, low silica (< 50%), low viscosity, high temps. pahoehoe- very little pyroclastic material Quiet eruptions V.E.I. 0 – 2 Hawaiian Islands are composed of 5 shield volcanoes -Mauna Loa is the largest in Hawaii-Kilauea is the most active, having erupted more than 50 times

Cinder cone Frequently appear in groups around larger volcanoes at any boundary. Rather small in size (less than 1000 feet) Steep slopes (30-40 degrees) form when molten lava is thrown up into the air from a vent and hardens into fragments before coming straight down to the ground Forms fast! From months to a few years Lava is ejected fragments: ash, cinders, lapilli, pumice, scoria - - the Paricutin (Mexico City) formed from a cornfield rather quickly (2 years)-

Composite Cones Large, nearly symmetrical mountain structures composed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastics Thick, viscous, slow-moving lava, Felsic / andesitic lava, high silica (70% - more) Pyroclastic flows: ash, fragments, and steam clouds that race down steep slopes at speeds of 125 mph Most explosive and violent type of volcano Around “Ring of Fire”, convergent/subduction, O-O, O-C Mt. Visuvius,Cascade Range in NW U.S. Mt. St. Helen

Pyroclastic Flows

Lahar Mt. St. Helen

COMPOSITE VOLCANO Shape: Broad/flat Steep symmetrical Size: Largest area Highest smallest Boundary: Convergent Divergent hotspot Magma: Mafic (basalt) Felsic (rhyolite) Eruption: Violent/gassy quiet Other: Pyroclastic flows Pahoehoe lava Cinders/ash

(Circle one answer for each category) SHIELD VOLCANO (Circle one answer for each category) Shape Size Plate boundary Broad/flat Largest area Convergent Steep Highest Divergent Symmetrical smallest hotspot Magma Eruption Other Mafic (basalt) Violent/gassy Pyroclastic flows Felsic (rhyolite) quiet Pahoehoe lava Cinders/ash

CINDER CONE Shape: Size: Boundary: Broad/flat Largest area Convergent Steep Highest divergent Symmetrical smallest hotspot Magma: Eruption: other: (basalt)mafic Violent/gassy Pyroclastic flow (rhyolite) felsic quiet Pahoehoe lava Cinders/ash

Answers: COMPOSITE volcano Shape: Broad/flat Steep symmetrical Size: Largest area Highest smallest Boundary: Convergent Divergent hotspot Magma: Mafic (basalt) Felsic (rhyolite) Eruption: Violent/gassy quiet Other: Pyroclastic flows Pahoehoe lava Cinders/ash

Answers: SHIELD VOLCANO (Circle one answer for each category) Shape Size Plate boundary Broad/flat Largest area Convergent Steep Highest Divergent Symmetrical smallest hotspot Magma Eruption Other Mafic (basalt) Violent/gassy Pyroclastic flows Felsic (rhyolite) quiet Pahoehoe lava Cinders/ash

Answers:CINDER CONE Shape: Size: Boundary: Broad/flat Largest area Convergent Steep Highest divergent Symmetrical smallest hotspot Magma: Eruption: other: (basalt)mafic Violent/gassy Pyroclastic flow (rhyolite) felsic quiet Pahoehoe lava Cinders/ash

Calderas and Lava Plateaus

Collapsed cone A caldera is a bowl-shaped depression or basin at the summit of a volcano which forms when the summit collapses after the magma chamber has been mostly emptied after it erupted

Mazama started to grow around 400,000 years ago. Over time much of the c.4000 foot (c.1200 m) depth of the caldera was filled with volcanic material. The rest was filled with water from snowmelt and rain to eventually form Crater Lake.

Crater Lake in Oregon

At 1,943 feet deep, Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States and the seventh deepest lake in the world!

Features beneath the surface of Crater Lake constructed using data from the 2000 bathymetry survey. Colors range from orange to blue with increasing water depth.

Kilauea caldera

Yellowstone National Park is/was a caldera

The caldera has been partially filled or “flooded” with lava.

Lava plateaus

Flood Basalts When huge volumes of basalt lava erupt rapidly, their flows spread out and no 'volcano' is formed at all - just a huge flat plain of lava flow. Such huge effusions of lava are moderately common in Earth's past. The Columbia River Basalts cover 500,000 square kilometers, and are up to 2000 meters thick, for a total volume of near 170,000 cubic kilometers.

Layers of igneous rock show evidence of repeated lava flows.

A thick layer of basaltic lava that once flooded over the land

Obsidian Mountain , WY.

World flood basalts

Slow, cooled columns of basaltic lava several meters high.

Northern Ireland