SUSTAINABLE AND LIVEABLE CITIES - A VISION Tamás Fleischer Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences THIRD TECHNICAL WORKSHOP Preparation of the Green Paper of urban transport „Public transport, intermodality and intelligent transport” Szentendre, Hungary, 7 March 2007

SUSTAINABILE AND LIVEABLE CITIES – A VISION 4 The context: 4 Green Paper on Urban Transport 4 Third Technical Workshop on PT, I-MOD & INT TRA 4 Fourth Session on environmental performance & noise 4 A presentation before another two on air pollution & noise 4 How to get here to sustainable and liveable cities ? 4 The key for the vision is: decomposing complex solutions to abstract elements to be able to identify the lessons to learn and focus.

SUSTAINABILE AND LIVEABLE CITIES – A VISION 4 To get to sustainable and liveable cities ( OUTLINE ) 4 We have learned: 4 Not enough to focus but on emission issues 4 Not enough using technology but in hardware development 4 Not enough using IT but to solve old problems 4 There are no definite, optimal, ever-best solutions any more 4 Intelligent means: able to learn, adaptive, demand-sensitive 4 Three key elements to build a new context 4 Integrations (within and around transport issues) 4 Sustainability 4 Complexity

WE HAVE LEARNED 4 Not enough to focus exclusively on emission issues 4 Transport accounts for a quarter of global CO 2 emissions 4 Transport is the only industrial sector where emissions are still growing – nearly doubled in last 15 years (CEE doubled) 4 All this happened when technological innovations achieved good results in motor, fuel, vehicle etc. but traffic growth over- compensates all these improvements. 4 First statement: if we focus too much extent to emission mitigation, we can’t achieve even this direct target, - not speaking about further problems. 4 Second statement: even if we invented a (not-possible) 0-emission, 0-consumption, 0-cost car, the urban transportation crisis wouldn’t be smaller but bigger 4 Space-pollution is as much an emissions problem as other pollutions. (Not a lack of space: the urban space is given!)

WE HAVE LEARNED 4 Not enough using technology but in hardware development of the transport 4 Traditionally new technologies were used in transport to improve different hardware tools: better roads, better vehicles, better fuel etc. 4 Transport developers are always open to invent „faster, stronger, bigger” tools (tanker, airplane, motorway, TGV etc.), but slower in realising, if the direction has to be changed because the transport begins to be blocked 4 My statement: the new challenge is to use the new technology in better organisation and regulation of traffic, and promoting not more but less motorised traffic. I summarise that as using info-technology to improve the software of the transport rather than just bring hardware solutions.

WE HAVE LEARNED 4 Not enough using information technology (IT) just to solve old problems 4 New inventions frequently are used for a long time to solve old problems by them, and it needs further innovations to realise how the new technology can change the traditional sectorial solutions as well. 4 Statement: the real involvement of IT into transport arrives, when genuine new transport solutions are generated with the new technology.

WE HAVE LEARNED 4 There are no definite, optimal, best solutions any more 4 There is not any more a „ready” complete definite state of the future that could be the target of our plans. 4 We do not even know to what situation we have to adjust our activity in a etc. years perspective (when our constructions, infrastructures will all operate). 4 Statement: the only certain point is the existence of the change, and that our systems have to be ready to adapt themselves to these changes.

WE HAVE LEARNED 4 ‘Intelligent’ means: adaptive, demand-sensitive, able to learn (from the past and present, from others and from own experiences) 4 When we speak on intelligent transport systems, a main issue must be the ability of these systems to adjust themselves to the changing environment, to the changing circumstances. 4 Statement: a most general objective have to be the preparation of future systems (be they transport systems or cities or others) for a continuous adaptive change: where they are able to be adapted to a new environment, and still able to reserve their own functions. 4 Key elements of this new context are integration, sustainability and complexity

KEY ELEMENTS TO BUILD A NEW CONTEXT 4 Integrations (within and around transport issues) 4 If we look at our Background paper p.4. ‘Intelligent transport systems’, ‘Issues’; - we find almost all suggested tools and policies as being different kind of integrations. 4 modal integration (or co-modality) spatial integration (or urban/interurban interface, cross- border issues) [I would add regional transport alliances] technical integration (or interoperability) information integration (or satellite based and travel information) resource integration (or PPP -s) 4 [I would add some other integrations =>]

KEY ELEMENTS TO BUILD A NEW CONTEXT 4 Integrations (within and around transport issues) 4 I would add: better embedding of transport: policy integration (transport with urban policy, with regional policy etc.), social integration: social embedding of decision processes, enforcing user’s interests, evaluation integration: involvement of evaluations into development processes 4 How can we operationise these integrations in urban area - integration vs. dominant transport modes, - the role of public space

INTEGRATION VS MODAL DOMINATION Shift in the role of different modes. The new technology time-to-time created a new dominant transport mode Source: Nakicenovic, Nebojsa (1888) Dynamics of change and long waves. IIASA

INTEGRATION VS MODAL DOMINATION 4 Pre-industrial period: the construction of canals 4 Industrial period: the victory of rails 4 Modernity period: the dominance of cars. 4 ???

4 Pre-industrial period: the construction of canals 4 Industrial period: the victory of rails 4 Modernity period: the dominance of cars 4 ???. 4 Post-modernity period: „everything goes” 4 There is no dominant transport mode 4 Integrations, co-operations, alliances 4 THIS IS AN IMPORTANT BASIS OF THE VISION. INTEGRATION VS. MODAL DOMINATION

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SPACE 4 Integrations - the role of public space 4 Metaphor of Lewis Mumford (The City in History): The city is Shelter, Fortress and Temple (physical, social and spiritual protection) 4 If we see the public space rather than the houses, the city is first of all a place of exchanges: Market, Forum, Promenade; (exchange of goods, exchange of ideas and ‘exchange’ /meeting point/ of people) 4 Such kind of meeting point functions of the city are to be served in a liveable urban area through an integrated approach.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SPACES 4 Integrations (within and around transport issues) 4 The case of Copenhagen ( Gehl, Jan – Gemzoe, Lars (2000) New City Spaces. Danish Architectural Press, Copenhagen ) 4 The more roads you build, the more car traffic you attract. Similarly: the more public space you build, the more pedestrians you can attract.

KEY ELEMENTS TO BUILD A NEW CONTEXT 4 Sustainability 4 First statement: sustainability is a temporal and a spatial issue in the same time. 4 Second statement: environmental, social and economic issues are not of equal importance within sustainable approach, but the two latters are subordinated to the environmental constraints. 4 Third statement: there are external conditions of sustainability (touches the resource use and the pollutions) and also are there internal conditions: a system have to be able to react on feedbacks arriving from the environment and change its operation by that signals.

ON SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH 4 UN Bruntland report (Our Common Future 1987) definition: „development, that meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ” 4 Inter-generational solidarity 4 Spatial extension – intra-generational solidarity / defence development, that meet the needs of those living here without compromising the ability of those living elsewhere to meet their own needs. 4 „Infrastructure Networks in Central Europe and the EU Enlargement” 4 „Space of places” must be protected from „space of flows” Manuel Castells (1996) The Rise of the Network Society Blackwell

ON SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH 4 The „three potatoes” 4 Weak sustainability: the sum of the (environmental, social, economical) capital should not be decreased ENVIRONMENT SOCIETY ECONOMY

4 The „three potatoes” in systemic order 4 Strong sustainability: the environmental constraints are to be respected in itself 4 We can have effect on the ‘economy’ or the ‘society’. There are external and internal conditions of the sustainability of these latter systems. ON SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH ENVIRONMENT SOCIETY ECONOMY

4 External conditions of sustainability: (1) the input should not extend the rate of regeneration of sources; (2) the output should not extend the absorption capacity of nature; (+ the use of non-renewables running out by the rate of their substitutability with renewables). (Herman Daly) 4 Internal (system-operational) conditions of sustainability: the system have to be sensitive on external conditions, its operation should respect that constraints, and there should exist self-regulating internal subsystems for that kind of operation. 4 The fulfilment of the internal conditions of sustainability demand new-type transport / urban expertise ON SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH

KEY ELEMENTS TO BUILD A NEW CONTEXT 4 Complexity 4 What the theory of complex interacting systems can tell us about the [sustainable] urban fabric. 4 Salingaros, Nikos A (2000) Complexity and Urban Coherence. Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 5. pp City is a network of topologically deformable paths. A coherent city must be „able to follow bending, extension, and compression of paths without tearing. In order to do this, the urban fabric must be strongly connected to the smallest scale, and loosely connected on the largest scale.” 4 Eight rules of Salingaros for assembling components of a city into a coherent whole.

COMPLEXITY: THE EIGHT RULES OF THE COHERENT CITY 4 (1) Strongly coupled elements of the same scale form a module 4 (2) Similar elements do not couple. A critical diversity of different element is needed. 4 (3) Modules couple with their boundary elements, not with internal elements 4 (4) Interactions are strongest on the smallest scale and weak on the largest scale 4 Salingaros, Nikos A (2000) Complexity and Urban Coherence. Journal of Urban Design, (5)

COMPLEXITY: THE EIGHT RULES OF THE COHERENT CITY 4 (5) Long-range forces create the large scale from well- defined structure of the smallest scales. 4 (6) System’s components assemble progressively from small to large 4 (7) Elements and modules on different scales do not depend on each other in a symmetric manner: a higher scale requires all lower scales but not vice versa. 4 (8) A coherent system cannot be completely decomposed into constituent parts. 4 Salingaros, Nikos A (2000) Complexity and Urban Coherence. Journal of Urban Design, (5)

SUSTAINABILE AND LIVEABLE CITIES – A VISION 4 We have learned: 4 Not enough to focus on emission issues, listen to space pollution! 4 Use new technology for ‘software’ development too! 4 Instead of solving old problems use IT to reformulate problems 4 Instead of definite solutions look for adaptability and flexibility 4 Intelligent systems can learn, and adapt their operation to needs 4 Three key elements to build a new context 4 Integrations – within the transport there is no more dominant mode; transport as a whole is embedded into wider policies and urban public space approach. 4 Sustainability – the space of places needs protection against the space of flows (Manuel Castells) 4 Complexity – by the geometry and modul structure of a coherent city: the basis is the strongly coupled local fabric

SUSTAINABLE AND LIVEABLE CITIES - A VISION Tamás Fleischer Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences THIRD TECHNICAL WORKSHOP Preparation of the Green Paper of urban transport „Public transport, intermodality and intelligent transport” Szentendre, Hungary, 7 March 2007 THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION !