Agenda Bell ringer Review Networks The Rise of Islam Closure

Review What is the role of material evidence in conclusions about the spread of ideas? What does evidence show about the spread of Buddhism and Christianity?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: ISLAM( )

Objectives Describe the Arabian peninsula before Muhammad. Describe the importance of Mecca. Describe Muhammad’s role in the founding of Islam. Describe the beliefs of Islam. Evaluate how civil war within the umma resulted in the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate.

Essential Questions What was the Arabian peninsula like before Muhammad? What is the significance of Mecca? What was Muhammad’s role in the founding of Islam? What are the beliefs of Islam? How did civil war within the umma resulted in the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate?

Map 9-1, p. 233

Target: Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad Geography – More farmers than pastoral nomads Spring monsoon – Fishing and trading communities – southern coast – “Empty Quarter”

Caravan trade – Nomads – camels, guides, and safe passage to merchants – Camel saddles. – Arabs learned Sasanid and Byzantine cultures. – Mecca achieved prosperity.

Target: Muhammad in Mecca Major beliefs of Islam (will of god) – Muhammad (b. 570) – prophet of Islam – Monotheistic – Judgment at the end of time

– 5 Pillars of Faith 1. Shahada - profession of faith – made people Muslim, one who makes “submission” 2. Salat – prayer five times a day 3. Zakat – charity to the poor (almsgiving) 4. Sawm – fasting during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj– pilgrimage to Mecca

Target: Formation of the Umma Mecca’s leaders feared challenge to their power and prosperity – Hijra (622) – Muhammad and followers fled to Medina. – Umma– community defined by acceptance of Islam and of Muhammad as the “Messenger of God”

New revelations – framework for regulating social and legal affairs, stirred Muslims to fight against Mecca. – Surrendered in 630.

Muhammad stayed in Medina – Visiting Arabian delegations spread Islam. – Mission to spread God’s message = unchallenged control of expanding state.

Abu Bakr chosen as Muhammad’s successor (632). – Khalifa (“successor”). English – caliph. – Reestablished and expanded Muslim authority throughout Arabia. – Muhammad’s revelations collected in book = Quran.

Umma disagreed over succession to the caliphate. – Ali, cousin of Muhammad, caliph in 656 after the death of Uthman – Mu’awiya became caliph, then son Yazid. Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate. – Husayn, brother of Ali’s, revolted in 680. Family killed.

Shi’ism – God’s choice as Imam, leader of the Muslim community, has always been one of Ali’s descendants. – Caliphal office is more secular than religious.

Sunnis – community should select leadership – Consider the caliphs to be Imams. Kharijites – from Ali’s followers who hated his acceptance of arbitration.

Essential Questions What was the Arabian peninsula like before Muhammad? What is the significance of Mecca? What was Muhammad’s role in the founding of Islam? What are the beliefs of Islam? How did civil war within the umma resulted in the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate?

Agenda Bell ringer Review Islam (through umma) Islam (to

Review What was the Arabian peninsula like before Muhammad? What is the significance of Mecca? What was Muhammad’s role in the founding of Islam? What are the beliefs of Islam? How did civil war within the umma resulted in the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: ISLAM( )

Objectives Describe Arab conquests by 711. Identify Umayyad accomplishments and reasons for the fall of the caliphate. Describe Abbasid accomplishments. Evaluate the significance of the period of political fragmentation from Describe the situation of the caliphates from

Essential Questions How had Arab conquests proceeded by 711? What accomplishments were made by the Umayyad? Why did the caliphate fall? What accomplishments were made by the Abbasid? What occurred during the period of political fragmentation from ? What occurred from ?

Target: Rise and Fall of the Caliphate Islamic Conquests ( ) – Umar (r ) began Arab conquests outside Arabia – Syria, Egypt, Sasanids, Tunisia, Spain, and Sind. – 11 th century – India and Anatolia invaded. Sub-Saharan Africa – trade and conversion.

– Arabs prohibited from assuming ownership of conquered territory – No evidence of coherent missionary efforts to spread Islam during conquests.

Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates ( ) – Umayyads ruled from Damascus – Only gradually placed Muslims in office and introduced Arabic in government – Muslim silver and gold coins in 8 th century – Fell in 750 Resentment of Arab domination, Syrian domination of caliphal affairs, secular behavior of caliphs Shi’ites and Kharijites launched rebellions

Abbasid Caliphate ( ) – Religious law, scholars interpreted Quran, compiled Arabic grammar – Cosmopolitan ruling elite – Somewhat of a golden age – Gradual conversion to Islam accelerated in the 9 th century.

Map 9-2, p. 239

Political fragmentation ( ) – Abbasid empire too large. – Revolts against Muslim rule. Mid-ninth century –Islamic community seized territory and formed principalities – Cut flow of taxes to Baghdad, increasing local prosperity.

Caliphs purchased Turkic slaves (mamluks), created standing army Fall of Abbasid in 945

Shi’ite Buyid family conquered western Iran and Iraq, commanders ruled own principalities – Buyid princes controlled Abbasid caliph – Hidden Imam – Dynamic growth in outlying provinces

Sijilmasa and Tahert on northern fringe of Sahara – First gold/salt trade across Sahara Ghana earliest known beneficiary Fatimid dynasty (Shi’ite) in Tunisia (909) – Governed from Cairo, economic power in the Mediterranean

Umayyad Spain – distinctive Islamic cultural blending (Roman, Germanic, Jewish, Arab, and Berber traditions) – Rapid conversion – Al-Andalus – Muslim territories in Iberia

Assault from Within and Without ( ) – 1030s – Seljuk family established Turkish Muslim state based on nomadic power Took title sultan Cities shrank, irrigation suffered, tax revenues fell. Economic decline by early 12 th century

– Crusades had little lasting impact on Islamic lands – Mamluk period – succession of slave-soldier sultans ruled Egypt and Syria until 1517 – Mongol invasions shocked the Muslim world

Essential Questions How had Arab conquests proceeded by 711? What accomplishments were made by the Umayyad? Why did the caliphate fall? What accomplishments were made by the Abbasid? What occurred during the period of political fragmentation from ? What occurred from ?

Agenda

Objectives Evaluate the significance of the Shari’a. Describe how urbanization and conversion prompted accomplishments. Evaluate the role of women and slaves in Islamic society. Describe how migrations of Iranian scholars centered Islam on the madrasa and contributed to the rise of Sufism.

Essential Questions What is the significance of the Shari’a? How did urbanization and conversion prompt accomplishments? What was the role of women in Islamic society? Slaves? How did the migrations of Iranian scholars center Islam on the madrasa and how did they contribute to the rise of Sufism?

Target: Islamic Civilization Law and Dogma – Hadith – words and deeds of Muhammad. Dealt with ritual matters and legal questions. Problem – some genuine, some invented. Evolved into the Shari’a.

Converts and Cities – Few could speak Arabic and read the Quran. Spent time with Muslims, moved to Arab governing centers. – Arab dress and customs spread – Local variations of practice – Expanding consumer market – Advances in medicine, astronomy, algebra

p. 248

Women and slaves – Women Secluded, covered when outside home. Slaves – musicians and dancers. Many inherited some money or real estate. Could not initiate divorce. Could testify in court and go on pilgrimage. Men feared infidelity and involvement in politics.

Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians (People of the Book) could not be enslaved – Exception – prisoner of war. – Steady supply from Africa and Central Asia. – Usually converted to Islam, many were freed. – Offspring born free.

p. 249

The Recentering of Islam – Competing interpretations in local communities. – Centrality of the caliphate diminished. – Immigrant scholars. Madrasa – type of religious college.

– Sufi brotherhoods, mystic groups, appeared in 12 th and 13 th centuries. – End of Abbasid Caliphate enhanced the religious centrality of Mecca.

Essential Questions What is the significance of the Shari’a? How did urbanization and conversion prompt accomplishments? What was the role of women in Islamic society? Slaves? How did the migrations of Iranian scholars center Islam on the madrasa and how did they contribute to the rise of Sufism?