16.3: Tokugawa Japan and Korea

Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan Time of chaos Three Great Unifiers –Nobunaga –Hideyoshi –Tokugawa Tokugawa Shogunate – –Restored central authority –“Great Peace” Edo (Tokyo) – large city; shogun’s court location

Economic and Social Changes –Trade and manufacturing flourish Large merchant class emerges –Rigid social classes Emperor and imperial court families Warriors (shogun, diamyo, samurai, ronin) Peasants (farmers) Artisans (craftspeople) Merchants (distributors of others work) Eta – social outcasts

Role of Men and Women Upper class –Males = household heads Controlled property, marriage, divorce –Females = restricted rights; Common classes –Parents arranged marriages Wife to move in with husband –Females = child bearers, homemakers, field workers

Literature and Arts Literature –Began to be written for and by the people –Ihara Saikaku – Five Women Who Loved Love –Light-hearted literature intended to please its audiences Poetry –Serious form of literary expression –Matsuo Basho – wrote about nature, 17th century Kabuki Theater –Action, music and dramatic gestures to entertain –Government officials believed it might corrupt the moral standards of the people –Women were banned from appearing on stage – male actors portray females Architecture –Magnificent mansions and lavish furnishings, gold foil on walls Borrowed Korean pottery ideas to create ceramic pieces. Japanese studied Western medicine, astronomy, languages and painting styles, and, in turn, Europeans wanted Japanese ceramics.

Europeans in Tokugawa Japan At first Europeans were welcomed. –Traded; brought firearms, Christianity 1587 – Japanese edict prohibiting Christian activities Wanted to protect Japan from European influence Europeans forced out! ISOLATION

Korea: The Hermit Kingdom Yi Dynasty – 1392; lasted 5 centuries Distinctive Culture –Borrow from Chinese, but remain distinct –Unique alphabet, Hangul; phonetically based writing system Cultural Isolation –Elite classes divide –Japanese and Chinese invasions devastated Korea –After Japanese invasion by Hideyoshi, many farmlands, towns and cities were devastated. –Korean rulers sought to limit contact with foreign countries and tried to maintain isolation from the outside world. It remained largely untouched by European merchants and Christian missionaries, earning its nickname, “The Hermit Kingdom” –Manchus (China) invade and takeover in early 17th century

16.4: Spice Trade in Southeast Asia

Emerging Mainland States Malay Peninsula and Indonesian archipelago Creation of Islamic trade network in SE Asia, along spice trade route Melaka becomes leading power in region Christianity and Islam gain converts

Europeans in SE Asia Spices of Southeast Asia were highly valued by Europeans –Used for flavoring, medicine, and food preservers –Salt, pepper, ginger, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg –Sought to find quicker sea routes to Melaka, Portugal found the route; Vasco da Gama in 1498 in Calicut Portugal seized Melaka and eventually the Moluccas, the Spice Islands “For Christ and spices!” Portugal set up small settlements along the coasts as trading posts

A Shift in Power –Shift from Portuguese power to (better-financed) Dutch and British power in the Indies –Portuguese, and then British, are gradually pushed out by the Dutch –Dutch consolidate political and military power over entire area. Establish a fort on the island of Java at Batavia in 1619 to protect their possessions. Impact on the Mainland –Early 17th century, other European nations begin to compete for trade and missionary privileges in Southeast Asia. Mainland states drive Europeans out, and non-mainland area are exploited