Prehistoric Britain The Stone Age Glacial Movements Early Inhabitants Techniques The Bronze Age More Immigration Art & Architecture Stone Circles & Chalk Drawings The Iron Age Trade with the Mainland Techniques Developed The Celts Hillforts and Tribal Society Later Centralization Religion and Women Lindow Man, 1 st cent. CE; British Museum

Stone Age Britain: to c BCE Glacial Movements Ebb & Flow of the Ice Sheet End of the Ice Age c. 9/10,000 BCE Grasses, Trees, Wildlife Channel Separates c. 6/7,000 BCE Early Inhabitants 750,000 BCE: From the Mainland Homo Sapiens: 30-40,000 BCE Permanent Settlements: 12,000 BCE Techniques Hunting, Gathering; Grains (wheat) Beginnings of Farming, Mining Various Burial Practices; Earth Mounds Example: Skara Brae, c – 2200 BCE Skara Brae, Orkney Isle

Bronze Age Britain: c – c. 700 BCE Immigration Beaker Peoples (Pottery) Art Metalwork in Copper, Tin Hand Tools; Nature Architecture Communal & Individual Dwelling Wattle & Daub; Thatch Stone Circles (over 900) Henge: Circular Earthwork with Banks, Ditches, & High Table Chalk Drawings Natural Surroundings Settlements along the Thames

Stonehenge: c – c BCE

Uffington Horse, Oxfordshire

Cerne Abbas Giant, Dorset g

The Iron Age: c. 700 – 1 st cent. BCE Mainland Trade Patterns Gaul (France) Mediterranean Minerals, Grain, Slaves Wine, Pottery, Metalwork Coinage in SE by 20 BCE Techniques Developed Smelting/Extracting Iron Harder Substance; Durable Farming and Plowing Beans, Peas, Flax; Grinding Grain War Chariots and Battle Axes Examples: Battersea Shield, Waterloo Helmet Smelting Iron

Battersea Shield: 350 – 50 BCE dfg

Waterloo Helmet: 150 – 50 BCE

The Celts: After 1000 BCE Tribal Society & Hillforts Tribes Related to Gauls & Germans Kinship Groups; Community Hillforts: 3k at least; Power Trade, Seasonal Activity Later Centralization From Clans to “Monarchy” Tribes Combining Catuvellauni, Iceni, Brigantes Lowland Settlements Camulodunum, Verulamium Religion and Women Priest Class of Druids (Gaulish) Nature & Seasons; Pantheism; Sacrifice Priestesses and Queens (Boudicca) Maiden Castle, Dorset, c. 600 BCE

From Stones & Bones to Axe-wielding Celts Waves of Migration Climatic Changes Permanent Settlement Farming Mining Tribal Societies vs. “Britain” Rivaling Clans Hierarchical Structure Combination; Domination Trade and Commerce Religious & Seasonal Life Importance of Water Rivers, Bogs Snettisham Torc, Norfolk, c. 75 BCE About 1 Kilogram of Gold and Silver