The Allies Are Victorious Chapter 16, Section 4

The Allies Plan for Victory December 22, 1941 Winston Churchill and FDR meet at the White House to plan the war Stalin want the Americans and Brits to attack Europe This would weaken the Germans in the East (those fighting the Soviets) Two fronts would end Germany

The Tide Turns on Two Fronts The Brits and USA start by attacking in N. Africa and Italy/southern Europe first This angered Stalin, he wanted them to go after France USSR is still on their own with fighting the Germans and losing millions of people

North Africa Campaign General Erwin Rommel (German) takes control in 1942 with the win at Tobruk The British send Bernard Montgomery “Monty” to stop Rommel The Battle of El Alamein was a massive assault by the British that finally sent the Germans into retreat The US launched an attack in Morocco and trapped Rommel in-between US and British forces

Turning Point at Stalingrad In the summer of 1942 Hitler and the Germans are ready to fight again in Russia Hitler sent his Sixth Army to capture oil rich fields in the south of Russia To do this they needed to capture the city of Stalingrad (Volgograd) Started August 23, 1942

Stalingrad Stalin told his generals to hold the city at all cost By November the Germans controlled 90% of the city By mid November the Soviets launched a counter attack that surrounded the city The German Sixth Army was trapped and got little to no supplies

Stalingrad On February 2, 1943 100,000 frostbitten and starved German troops surrendered The Soviets had lost over 1 million troops at Stalingrad The city was 99% destroyed This crushed the Germans in Russia Only one more assault would be launched by the Germans in the East

Invasion of Italy July 10 1943 with pressure from Stalin the Americans and Brits invade Europe, in… Italy 180,000 troops land in Sicily (island in the Mediterranean) With this Mussolini was overthrown and arrested Germany took over Italy and placed Mussolini back in charge

Italy Long story short: The campaign was not seen as a success by the Allies They fought in Italy until the Germans surrender in 1945 Mussolini was caught trying to escape in April of 1945 He was shot and hung from and meat hook at a gas station in Milan

Life on Allied home Fronts Places like Britain and the Soviet Union citizens lost their lives Americans at home did not endure bombings or invasions but they support the war effort

Mobilizing for Total War US factories converted from peacetime production to those of war By 1944 18 million workers, many women, worked in war industries Many items became scarce because of lack of production of use in war this leads to RATIONING Allied governments conducted propaganda to inspire their citizens to “win the war”

Japanese Americans Imprisoned Prejudice against Japanese Americans rose after Pearl Harbor 127,000 Japanese Americans lived in America Most in Hawaii and the west coast FDR set up the internment program Military rounds up “aliens” and ship them to relocation camps 31,275 prisoners are taken to the camps, a vast majority being American citizens of Japanese descent

Allied Victory in Europe The D-Day invasion (June 6, 1944) Largest amphibious assault in history Landed at Normandy, France 5 beaches/sectors are attacked by US, British and Canadian soldiers Juno, Sword, Gold, Utah and Omaha They made their push towards Germany from this landing

The Battle of the Bulge Hitler gambles in the west He tries to knock the Allies out of western Europe with a great assault December 7, 1944 the Germans launch their last attack breaking through a weak spot in Allied defenses The allies poured more troops into the gap to stop the advance George Patton (US) conducted one of the best counter offenses of the war to push the Germans back

Germany’s Unconditional Surrender By March 1945 the Allies in the west crossed the Rhine river into Germany The Soviets invaded Berlin on April 25, 1945 Hitler was located in an underground bunker in Berlin April 29: marries Eva Braun and writes his final address to the German people April 30: he kills himself and has his body burned to ashes with gasoline

May 7, 1945 Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of Germany May 8th a global celebration occurred to celebrate V-E Day The War in Europe was over

Victory in the Pacific The war was over in Europe but the Pacific still raged on The Allies push the Japanese closer and closer to Japan with their “island-hoping” campaign

The Japanese Retreat By the fall of 1944 the Allies are closing in on Japan When the Allies tried to retake the Philippines the Japanese risked their entire navy to stop them At the Battle of Leyte Gulf and three days of fighting the Japanese navy was no more

The Japanese Retreat Kamikaze – Japanese suicide pilots March 1945 the Americans finally take Iwo Jima (600 miles from Japan) June 1945 Okinawa (350 miles from Japan) Now the Allies can bomb mainland Japan

The Atomic Bomb Built under the Manhattan Project Top secret base located all over America Each one made a component of the bomb J Robert Oppenheimer – lead developer First one was tested in the desert on New Mexico on July 16, 1945

Atomic Bomb Two sides to this story Pros Cons Could save up to half a million US lives Would end the war quickly Would send a message to the Soviets Cons Would kill hundreds of thousands of incent civilian lives Would release a evil on the world like no other

Japan Surrenders Okinawa was the staging island for the Bombs August 6, 1945 Hiroshima 73,000 + died August 9, 1945 Nagasaki 37,500 + died The Japanese surrendered September 9, 1945 to MacArthur aboard the USS Missouri