Chemistry Review SNC1D

Mixture a substance made of different pure substances

Pure Substance a substance made of only one kind of particle

Mechanical Mixture a mixture that can be separated by mechanical means

Heterogenous A heterogeneous mixture is not uniform

Homogenous A homogenous mixture has uniform composition and properties

Element a pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Compound A pure substance made of more than one type of atom that have been chemically bonded together

Particle Theory of Matter All matter is made of tiny particles. Different pure substances are made up of different types of particles. Particles are always in constant random motion. The particles in a substance attract each other. The particles of a substance move faster when heated.

Chemical Change A change in which new substances are produced Ex: iron rusting

Physical change a change in which no new substances are produced Ex: ice melting

Physical Property Description of the nature of a substance Ex: gold is a relatively soft metal

Chemical Property Description of how a substance reacts with other substances Ex: iron rusts

GUSS: Density A sample of metal has a mass of 15 g and a volume of 2.0 cm3. Calculate the density of the sample.

Atomic Symbols Ca calcium Cl chlorine Mg magnesium Na sodium

Chemical Formulae Cl2 2 chlorine H2O 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen Ca(OH)2 1 calcium, 2 oxygen, 2 hydrogen 3O2 6 oxygen

Metals Shiny Malleable Good conductors Found on the left side of the Periodic Table

Chemical families IA alkali metals IIA alkaline earth metals VIIA halogens VIIIA noble gases

Word Equations sulphur + oxygen → sulphur dioxide reactants product

Word Equations sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce a great deal of heat, but leaving only sodium chloride and water sodium + hydrochloric → sodium + water hydroxide acid chloride

Word Equations calcium chloride reacts with silver nitrate to produce silver chloride and calcium nitrate calcium + silver → silver + calcium chloride nitrate chloride nitrate

Atomic Number the number of protons in the nucleus

Atomic Mass the number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus

Atomic Numbers Using the Periodic table explain how you would determine each of the following for a given atom of an element: i) # of protons: equal to the atomic number ii) # of electrons: equal to the number of protons iii) # of neutrons: equal to the atomic mass minus the number of protons

Atomic Numbers

Bohr Diagram Fluorine:

Valence Shell An atom wants 8 electrons in its outer (valence) shell to be stable.

Valence Shell How many electrons do elements in the following families gain or lose to become stable? i) IA lose 1 ii) IIA lose 2 iii) VIIA gain 1 iv) VIIIA neither lose nor gain

Valence Shell How many electrons do the following elements gain or lose to become stable? Na lose 1 Mg lose 2 Cl gain 1 Ne neither lose nor gain

Ionic Compound In an ionic compound, a positive metal ion is attracted to a negative non-metal ion.

Ionic Bonding This attraction is an ionic bond. (weak)

Sodium Chloride

Molecular Compound In a molecular compound, non-metals share electrons.

Covalent Bonding This sharing is a covalent bond. (strong)

Water

Diatomic Molecule a molecular compound formed from 2 atoms of the same element

Polymer a large molecule made up of repeated smaller molecules bonded together

Substances Determine whether each of the following is a mixture, element or metal: a substance made up of identical atoms element b) an element found on the left side of the Periodic Table metal c) a substance made up of parts that can be separated by physical means mixture