POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin Additional text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN UNIT 1 PART A 3 Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three Major Body Cavities Figure 3-1 The body is divided into various cavities but not all compartments have walls or are completely enclosed

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lumens of Hollow Organs  Hollow organs- contain a space filled with something other than the organ’s tissue.  Heart  Lungs  Blood vessels  Intestines  Lumen – interior of a hollow organ  Fluid-filled interior  Not the internal environment- as is in the GI tract

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional Compartments  Extracellular fluid- found outside of organ tissue  Plasma-fluid of blood  Interstitial fluid- fluid between blood vessels and tissue cells  Intracellular fluid-fluid inside tissue cells

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-2 Body Fluid Compartments

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-3 Cell Membrane: Overview Membranes in the body may be macroscopic or microscopic and serve different functions

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Membrane: Function  Physical barrier- separates intracellular and extracellular fluid  Gateway for exchange- controls what enters and leaves the cell  Communication- surface proteins respond and recognize other molecules which can change cell activity  Cell structure- cell shape is maintained by cytoskeletal proteins attached to membrane proteins. Membrane proteins also form cell junctions  Phospholipid bilayer- composed of mostly lipids and proteins, it’s hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions assist in controlling transport.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-4 Cell Membrane: Structure The fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Membrane: Composition  Lipids  Phospolipids – a glycerol molecule with one phosphate and two fatty acid tails- makes up a large percentage of the membrane.  Cholesterols- imbedded in the bilayer it stabilizes the membrane and reduces it’s freezing point.  Proteins  Integral – transmembrane protein, serves as a channel  Peripheral – side proteins that may be enzyme of cytoskeleton anchors  Lipid-anchored – associate with sphingolipids to form lipid rafts that may attract other proteins or enzymes  Carbohydrates  Glycolipids- carbohydrates and fatty acids  Glycoprotiens-carbohydrates and proteins

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-5a Cell Membrane: Formation Phospholipid molecules are composed of two fatty acid chains, one glycerol molecule, & one phosphate group

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Membrane: Formation Figure 3-5b

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-6 Cell Membrane: Proteins The three types of membrane proteins: integral, peripheral, and lipid-anchored

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-9 Cell Membrane Concept Map of cell membrane components

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-10 The cell membrane covers cells of various sizes, shapes, and functions

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Compartments  Cytoplasm- The space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus  Cytosol - the jelly like substance that suspends the organelles  Inclusions - a non-membranous organelle or insoluble particles  Organelles - cell structures with specific function- “small organs”  Nucleus- contains the genetic information for the cell as chromatin, the nucleolus, and nucleoplasm.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-11 Cell Compartments A map for the study of cell structure

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organelle “Factory” and summary chart  See board drawing and table on board  Review on your own the functions and structures of the following cell organelles (see fig 3:12):  Inclusions (3-types)  Centrioles, Cillia, & Flagella  Cytoplasmic protein fibers (3 sizes)  Cytoskeleton  Mitochondria  Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Cytoplasmic Vesicles  Nucleus

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Primary Tissue Types  Epithelial- major functions: are protection, exchange, and lining cavities.  Connective- major functions are: support, storage, communication, immunity.  Muscle- major functions are: posture, movement, heat production, support and protection.  Nerve- major function is communication and control, information processing.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial Tissue: Structure  Basal lamina  Basement membrane

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial Tissue: Function  Exchange – quick movement of molecules  Transport – move from one side to another and process  Ciliated – move substances in the extracellular matrix  Protective – multiple layers, quickly regenerates  Secretory – produces substances secreted into the extracellular matrix or outside the body.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exchange Epithelia  Single cell layer of flat cells that allow molecules to cross through at different rates, increase surface area with microvilli.  Rapid transport -  Oxygen -  Carbon dioxide -  Ions and fluids -  Capillaries and lung alveoli -

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transporting Epithelia  single layer or cuboidal or columnar cells, take in a molecule from a lumen and transport it into the blood stream.  Exchange of ions and nutrients -  Tight junctions -  Intestine and kidney -

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ciliated and Protective Epithelia  apical cilia allow more the movement of substance on the surface of the cell, like the ovum or mucus  Ciliated epithelium -  Trachea -  Sweep mucous out -  Protective epithelium -  multiple layers and in skin, serve for protection. Cell have a high regenerative ability.  Skin -  Prevent exchange -

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Secretory Epithelia  contain goblet cells and cells that form the different endocrine or exocrine glands in the body  Exocrine tissues  Mucous glands  Goblet cells  Secreted externally via ducts  Endocrine tissues  Hormones  Secreted to ECF and blood

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-28 (1 of 3) Secretory Epithelia Development of endocrine and exocrine glands from epithelium

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues: Structure  Support and barriers – strong high collagen content allow to withstand forces  Ground substance – varies in amount of water and changes the consistency of the type of connecitve tissue  Cells – have a wide variety of functions  Fixed – imbedded in a dense ground substance  Mobile – blood cells surrounded by a fluid ground substance such as plasma, are able to enter or leave the blood stream.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues: Structure  Fibers and their functions- found in the ground substance, the different ratios of each give each type of connective tissue their unique characteristics.  Fibroblast cells - produce the fibers and ground substance  Collagen – has a stronger tensile strength than steel, there are 12 variations, is most abundant in the body.  Elastin – gives elasticity to tissues  Fibrillin – combines with elastin to give support to elastic organs.  Fibronectin – stick to extracellular matrix of cells and helps in forming blood clots  Reticular fibers- form a network of supportive fibers for cells composed of free cells as in bone marrow, spleen, and lymphnodes

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissues: Types

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Fibers of Loose Connective Tissue Figure 3-29 (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Various Connective Tissue Types  Strength or flexibility  Tendons and ligaments  Collagen dominates  Adipose connective tissue  White  Single droplet  Brown  Multiple droplets  Blood  Plasma matrix  Free blood cells  Cartilage  Light and flexible  Trachea and ears  Bone  Calcified  Rigid

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissues  Contractile  Force and movement  Signal conduction  Types  Cardiac  Smooth  Skeletal

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissues  Neurons send signals  Excitable  Electrical  Chemical  Glial cells support

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Death and Replacement  Apoptosis- cell death not caused by injury or other external reasons  Normal cell replacement – during body formation, or in normal body function cells reach a life limit and die  Programmed cell death - induced by the cell without disturbing adjacent cells; “cell suicide”  Stem cells – undifferentiated cells that can become any cell needed in the body, totipotent, puripotent, and mulitpotent  Role in cell replacement – certain tissues have multipotent stem cells that can replace cells  Research uses and potential – need to find a good source of stem cells, face many ethical issues

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organs  Groups of tissues with related function – each contains the four types of tissues in various ratios  Epidermal tissue (skin) -  Multiple cell layers – epidermis, dermis, hypodermis  Multiple tissue types – epitheial, connective, muscular, nervous  Multiple functions – protection, metabolism, temperature regulation, water proofing, blood storage, insulation, excretion, sensory organ

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings UN Overview

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integument System Functions 1.Protection 2.Insulation 3.Water proofing 4.Temperature regulation 5.Excretion 6.Cutaneous Sensory organ 7.Metabolism 8.Blood reservoir