Starfish Invertebrates Arthropods Mollusks Insects

Introduction to the Animal Kingdom 4 Characteristics that ALL animals share: Be multicellular – composed of more than 1 cell Be Eukaryotic – have a nucleus and other organelles in each cell Be Heterotrophic – Consume or eat food Have no cell walls

Animals carryout 7 essential functions to survive. Feeding- all animals must obtain food Respiration- all animals must take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide Circulation- all animals must have a system of transporting oxygen, nutrients and waste

4. Excretion- all animals eliminate waste 5. Response-most animals have nerve cells or a nervous system to respond to stimuli. 6. Movement- most animals have muscles or muscular/skeletal systems for movement or they have a way to move or circulate water for feeding. 7. Reproduction-most reproduction is sexual using haploid gametes

Concept Map Animals Section 26-1 are Multicellular have are carry out Eukaryotic cells Heterotrophs Essential functions with such as No cell walls Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction

From simple groups of animals to more complex groups, the body characteristics that develop: A. Cell specialization- animal have different types of cells which have special structures to perform special tasks. B. Levels of organization - animal bodies are organized to carry out complex functions- Cells form tissue Tissues form organs Organs form organ systems

Levels of Organization Section 7- 4 Muscle cell muscle tissue Organ Organ system Go to Section:

C. Body symmetry, 2 types 1. Radial- simple animals; body parts repeat around center 2. Bilateral- complex animals; body has two equal halves which allows for cephalization and a coelom Cephalization- sense organs are concentrated near front Coelom = Body cavity- most animals have an internal space for organs to be cushioned and protected.

Figure 26–5 Body Symmetry Complex Simple Bilateral Radial Section 26-1 Bilateral Radial Posterior end Dorsal side Anterior end Ventral side Complex Simple

D. Similar Early Development –In most animals, zygote divides to form a hollow ball of cells called a Blastula. The blastula develops 3 layers of cells called germ layers Endoderm- innermost, forms digestive tract and respiratory system. Mesoderm- middle, forms muscles, circulatory and reproductive systems Ectoderm- outer, sense organs and skin Blastopore- hole that will form mouth or anus

B. Animals are separated into 2 groups: Invertebrates- have no backbone, largest group, many phyla. Vertebrates- have a backbone, one phylum

Figure 33–4 Diversity of Chordates Section 33-1 Nonvertebrate chordates (4%) Mammals (8%) Birds (18%) Fishes (47%) Reptiles (14%) Amphibians (9%)

The Vertebrates Vertebral Column – (developed from the outer portion of the notochord) Endoskeleton of cartilage or bone that grows with the animal Brain encased by skull Complex organ systems

Echinoderm Ancestor Notochord and Hollow Nerve chord,

Classification of the 7 living classes: 1. Class Agnatha – Jawless fishes. Lamprey - parasitic, Hagfish -scavengers. a. Eel shaped, Jawless, sucker shaped mouth, Cold –blooded, Only have a few cartilage plates in their skull , External fertilization, lay eggs in water, have gills

Hagfish Digests decaying fish from inside out. Secretes huge quantities of slime to defend itself. Ties itself in a knot to get rid of slime

Most important evolutionary event in animal history

2. Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous fishes. Sharks, skates, rays. a. Skeleton of Cartilage, Paired fins, Cold-blooded, Tooth like scales on skin called dermal denticles, moveable jaw attached to skull, Internal & External fertilization

Great White Hammerhead

Tiger Shark Blue Shark

Close Up of Shark Skin

3. Class Osteichthyes- Bony fishes. Perch, trout, catfish, bass a. Skeleton of bone, Gill cover called operculum, Body covered by scales, Cold-blooded, Most External fertilization

Perch Goldfish

4. Class Amphibia – Frogs, toads, salamanders. (DOUBLE LIFE) a. As larva, have gills. As adults, have lungs and limbs adapted for life on land. Reproduce in water & lay eggs in water. Cold-blooded. Have moist skin & usually do not have claws

Metamorphosis- Major body change over a life time. The Life Cycle of a Frog Metamorphosis- Major body change over a life time. Section 30-3 Adult Frog Adults are typically ready to breed in about one to two years. Young Frog Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external fertilization. The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later. Fertilized Eggs Tadpoles Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

Tree Frog Southern Toad

4 toed salamander Marbled Salamander

5. Class Reptilia- Snakes, lizards, turtles, and alligators. a. Reproduce on land by laying leathery eggs. The amniotic egg makes reptiles the first group to be well adapted to life on land. Dry, scaly skin with claws on the toes. Well-developed lungs. Cold-blooded

Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake

Snapping Turtle Gopher Tortoise

6. Class Aves- Birds. a. Have feathers and bodies adapted for flight: Hollow or partly hollow bones, Lungs & Air Sacs, Large Chest Muscles. Reproduce by laying eggs with calcium shell. Warm-blooded.

American Bald Eagle

7. Class Mammalia – Mammals. a. Most young develop internally and are nursed after birth on milk created by mammary glands. Most have fur or hair at some time during their lives. Well-developed brain. Warm-blooded

Hard Shells Fur & Milk Glands Amniotic Egg Lungs Bony Skeleton jaws Brain Encased Skull