Animal Regulatory Systems I. Designs A. Systems 1. Why? 2. Nervous Overview

Figure 48.3 Nervous system is design for quick response, evaluate, and respond again Electrical response

3. Endocrine Overview

Endocrine system design == slow response, evaluate, and respond again Figure Chemical response Figure 45.4

II. Nervous System A. Nervous Cells 1. Neuron

a. Parts of a Neuron == dendrites, cell body (soma), axon hillock, axon, terminal branches (telodendria), and synaptic end bulbs Figure 48.4

Figure 48.5 b. Neuron types based on function.

c. Neuron types based on structure.

Neurons.

1. Supporting Cells

a. CNS Supporting cells == Glial cells (astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, and macrophage) Figure 49.6

b. PNS Supporting cells == the Schwann and satellite cells Figure 48.13

B. Communication 1. Nerve Impulse

The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases Figure 48.7

The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases Figure 48.11

The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases

The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases Impulses self propagate Figure 48.12

The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases Saltatory Conduction Figure 48.14

2. Synapse

a. Structure == electrical and chemical signals Figure 48.15

Neurotransmitters Table 48.2

b. Function -- integrated by the number and type of connections EPSP versus IPSP

Figure 48.16

Figure Summation Figure 48.17

C. Nervous Strategies 1. Development

Cnidarians => nerve netAdvantage? Figure 49.2

Platyhelminthes == “brain” and sensory organs to the nerve net Cephalization Advantage?

Annelids  ganglia to a ventral nerve cordAdvantage?

2. Vertebrate Nervous System a. Overview

motor and sensoryVertebrate nervous system  CNS and PNS, Figure 49.4 Figure 49.7

b. Peripheral Nervous System i. Cranial Nerves

Mammals 12 pair of cranial nerves

ii. Spinal Nerves

31 pair of spinal nerves

Spinal Nerve Coverage Dermatomes

Components of a reflex arc Figure 49.3

iii. Autonomic Nerves

Autonomic Nervous System  homeostatic side Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Figure 49.8

The Autonomic Nervous System divisions can be distinguished by: Length of Preganglionic Neurons Effects Coverage Network Origin of Preganglionic Neurons Neurotransmitter Released Effectors Receptors

c. Central Nervous System i. Development

Central Nervous System  dorsal hollow nerve cord Figure 49.9

ii. Brain

== Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem Figure 49.8

The Cerebrum (gray and white matter) Figure 49.15

The Cerebrum (gray and white matter) Figure 49.17

Brain == Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem Figure 49.8

Random thoughts:Reticular formation = Arousal Figure 49.10

Random thoughts:EEG = Tracing Figure 49.11

Random thoughts:Emotions = Fun?Memory/Learning Figure 49.13

iii. Spinal Cord

Spinal cord == telephone cable

Spinal cord == telephone cable

Connections

Reflexes

III. Endocrine System A. Design 1. Invertebrates B. Animal Strategies

Molting (ecdysis)  crustaceans and insects

Molting (ecdysis)  crustaceans and insects

Crustaceans  eyestalk X-organ (molt inhibiting hormone), and sinus gland Y-organ (molting hormone ecdysone)

Insects ecdysis  brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone) Figure 45.10

Insects ecdysis  brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone)

2. Vertebrates

a. Glands Figure 45.4

b. Hormones == cover all homeostatic mechanisms

and then some.

c. Effects via a signal transduction pathway Figure 45.6

d. Regulation via feedback loops

Knowledge comes with the building of ideas.