The Age of Imperialism, 1850–1914

Imperialism Ambition of a powerful nation to dominate the political, economic, and cultural affairs of another nation or region Seizure of a weaker country by a stronger one

Goal of Imperialism

Problems Discourage Exploration Armies, rivers, disease discourage exploration

Nations Compete for Overseas Empires Missionaries, explorers, humanitarians reach interior of Africa

Belief in European Superiority Race for colonies grows out of national pride Racism —belief that one race is better than others Social Darwinism —survival of the fittest applied to human society

Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa Technological inventions like steam engine, Machine gun help conquest Perfection of quinine protects Europeans from malaria Within Africa, Africans are divided by language and culture The Lure of Wealth Discovery of gold and diamonds increases interest in colonization

Berlin Conference Divides Africa Berlin Conference —14 nations agree on rules for division (1884–85): countries must claim land and prove ability to control it By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of European control  Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies Raw materials are greatest source of wealth in Africa Businesses develop cash-crop plantations

The Boer War Boer War between British, Boers begins in 1899 Boers are Dutch settlers British win; Boer republics united in Union of South Africa (1910)

A New Period of Imperialism Extending Influence Europeans want to control all aspects of their colonies: influence political, social lives of people shape economies to benefit Europe want people to adopt European customs

Form Definition Example Colony Protectorate Sphere of Influence A country is governed by an outside power Britain will colonize 13 Original Colonies (U.S) Protectorate A country has its own government but it is still under outside control Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta. United States & Cuba Sphere of Influence An outside power controls the investment and trade of the country The United States established a sphere of influence over Liberia. China (Open Door Policy) Economic Imperialism A country is controlled by private business The Dole Fruit Company took control of Hawaii.

Imperial Management Methods Indirect Control Local Government officials used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules Direct Control Foreign officials are brought in to rule No self-rule Goal: assimilation (change the culture to that of the ruling country) Governments are based on only European styles Paternalism —Europeans provide for local people, but grant no rights (Parent)

African Resistance Broad resistance to imperialism, but Europeans have superior weapons

The Legacy of Colonial Rule Negative Effects Africans lose land and independence, many lose lives Traditional cultures break down Division of Africa creates problems that continue today Positive Effects Colonialism reduces local fighting Sanitation improves; hospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growth

The Suez Canal Egypt & the French build the Suez Canal—human-made waterway connects Red Sea to Mediterranean Modernization efforts create huge debt British oversee financial control of canal, occupy Egypt in 1882 British left in 1956

British Imperialism in India East India Company Dominates British East India Company rules India until 1850s Company has its own army led by British officers Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown” India is Britain’s most valuable colony, “jewel in the crown” Forced to produce raw materials for British manufacturing Also forced to buy British goods

Impact of Colonialism British hold much of political and economic power Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency, famine Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes British modernize India’s economy, improve public health

European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim

Hawaii Becomes a Republic -U.S. business leaders want annexation—adding territory to country -Queen Liliuokalani removed from power in 1893 -Sanford B. Dole was named President (1894) Hawaii Becomes a Republic -U.S. annexes Republic of Hawaii (1898) -Became a state in 1959

Desire for Self-Sufficiency Industrial Revolution increased the demand for sources of power, raw materials, rose standard of living, and demand for products Industrialized nations did not want to be at the mercy of others, so they tried to gain control of the sources of the raw materials they needed

Imperial China Collapses China was ruled by Emperors, each heading a Dynasty. They were self-sufficient, needing nothing from the outside world. Unwilling to trade with outsiders, English traders found the one item China did not have: Opium. Addicted to this narcotic, China was forced to open their doors to outsiders.

Opium War A conflict between Britain & China, lasting from 1839-1842, over Britain’s Opium trade in China China lost (Treaty of Nanjing) Treaty gives Britain Hong Kong Hong Kong gets independence in 1997

Open Door Policy- policy proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China Boxer Rebellion- a 1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country

Spanish-American War 1898 President William McKinley USS Maine explodes on Feb.15, 1898 -killing 267 Americans, Assume Spanish did it “Remember the Maine” U.S. invades Cuba

Spanish-American War Continued Teddy Roosevelt Rough Riders Treaty of Paris 1898 (Signed in Paris October 1, 1898) Ended Spanish/AmericaWar (U.S. & Spain)

New Territories for United States Philippines (bought for $20 million) Guam Puerto Rico-Commonwealth Cuba was to be independent

Panama Canal

THE PANAMA CANAL Cost- $380 million Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years

Panama Canal U.S. wanted a quick way to get from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean Asked Colombia for permission to build canal (said No) Panama along with U.S. aid proclaimed a revolution to gain independence for Panama from Colombia and succeeded in 1903 Panama gave U.S. all rights to build canal One of greatest engineering achievements opened in 1914 U.S. controlled it until 1999

This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue line (canal) cutting across the middle of Panama

Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine U.S. policy of opposition to European interference in Latin America, announced by President James Monroe in 1823 Wanted to keep Europeans out of Western Hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary President Theodore Roosevelt’s 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, in which he declared that the United States had the right to exercise “police power” throughout the Western Hemisphere Said if any situation threatened the independence of any country in the Western Hemisphere the U.S. would act as an international Police Power to prevent a foreign country from intervening Latin Americans were enraged at the thought that they could not handle their own affairs

Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary -U.S. can be police power in the Americas U.S. uses corollary to justify repeated military interventions Natural consequence of Monroe Doctrine Guarantee that Latin American nations would meet their international obligations