Europeans Claim Muslim Land

Geopolitics Def – Taking land for strategic location Ex. – Russia – Crimea (access to Black Sea) Ex. Oil in Persia, Arabian Peninsula

Ottoman Empire Steady decline 300 yrs Weak Sultans Corruption Inflation 1830’s – Greek Independent Serbia Balkans

Crimean War ( ) Britain and France joined Ottomans Russians Lose Ottomans still weak and losing land Russians aided Slavic people in Independence

Great Game War Waged over India Britain and Russia Afghanistan – Center of Struggle 1881 – GB withdrew from Afg – GB not beyond Khyber Pass Soviets – Nonaggression pact with Afg – Soviets invaded Afg.

Egypt Muhammad Ali – Broke away from Ottomans 1831 – Gained control of Syria and Arabia Reforms in military and economics Cash crop – Cotton  Instead of food crops

Suez Canal Isma’il – Construction of Connect Red Sea and Mediterranean Built w/ French $ Opened in 1869 – Still in debt  Could not pay British insist to take over canal 1882 – British Occupy Egypt

Persia Russia and GB compete for Persian ruler started to allow businesses to buy right to operate in certain areas Ex. Anglo-Persian Oil Co.  Rich oil Fields in Persia Tobacco in Persia 1890 – Persian ruler sold concession to export tobacco Tobacco Boycott – Unrest 1907 – Russia and GB took and divided into Spheres of Influence

British In India

British East India Company Ruled India Own Army – British and Sepoys India – “Jewel in the crown” Must produce raw materials Must buy British goods No Indian competition with British goods Railroads helped Goods – Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, jute, opium

Impact on India (Bad) British held political and economic power British restricted Indian-owned industries Cash crop – Hurt self-sufficiency Reduce food production  Famine Racism threatened way of life

Impact on India (Good) 3 rd largest RR  India = modern economy Road network Telephone lines, dams, bridges, etc. Sanitation and public health Schools and colleges

Sepoy Mutiny 1857 – Indians rebel Cartridges with beef and pork fat  Hindus (cows sacred), Muslims (don’t eat pork) Did not accept cartridges  Put in jail  rebelled  marched to Delhi  Captured city  Spread Took Brit E. Ind Co. 1 year to recover

Hindus and Muslims split Hindus preferred British rule to Muslim rule 1858 – British took direct control of India Raj – British Rule over India from

Nationalism in India Ram Mohun Roy – Modern thinker, wanted modernization Must change, or will always be ruled Didn’t want 2 nd class in own country