Exploring Wind Energy

What Makes Wind

Global Wind Patterns

5000 BC Sailboats used on the Nile indicate the power of wind AD First windmills developed in Persia 1300 AD First horizontal- axis windmills in Europe 1850s Daniel Halladay and John Burnham build Halladay Windmill; start US Wind Engine Company Late 1880s Thomas O. Perry conducted 5,000 wind experiments; starts Aermotor Co mpany 1888 Charles F. Brush used windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland, OH Early 1900s Windmills in CA pumped saltwater to evaporate ponds 1941 In VT, Grandpa’s Knob turbine supplies power to town during WWII 1979 First wind turbine rated over 1 MW began operating 1985 CA wind capacity exceeded 1,000 MW 1993 US WindPower developed first commercial variable-speed wind turbine 2004 Electricity from wind generation costs 3 to 4.5 cents per kWh 2011 Wind power provided over 12% of renewable energy used in US History of Wind Energy

Why Wind Energy? o Clean, zero emissions - NO x, SO 2, CO, CO 2 - Air quality, water quality - Climate change o Reduce fossil fuel dependence - Energy independence - Domestic energy—national security o Renewable - No fuel-price volatility

Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide US DOE, EERE 2012 Renewable Energy Data Book The NEED Project 2014

US Electricity Generation from Non-Hydro Renewables

Top Installed Wind Power Capacity THE TOP TWENTY-FIVE STATES for Installed Wind Capacity, in MW as of December 31, Texas12,21214 Pennsylvania1,340 2 Iowa5,54915 Michigan988 3 California5,13716 Idaho973 4 Oregon3,15317 South Dakota Oklahoma3,13418 New Mexico Minnesota2,98619 Wisconsin649 7 Washington2,80820 Montana Kansas2,71221 West Virginia583 9 Colorado2,30122Missouri North Dakota1,67923 Nebraska New York1,63824 Maine Indiana1,54325 Utah Wyoming1,410 National Renewable Energy Laboratory The NEED Project 2014

Annual Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2013

Installed Wind Capacities 1999-Present 1999 Total: 2,500 MW Total: 61,946 MW As of 6/30/2014

Top Twenty States for Wind Energy Potential

U.S. Wind Resource Map

Transmission Challenges

China Leads the World in Wind Capacity Top 5 Countries for 2013 New Installed Capacity 1.China 2.Germany 3.United Kingdom 4.India 5.Canada Top 5 Countries for 2013 New Installed Capacity 1.China 2.Germany 3.United Kingdom 4.India 5.Canada Total Installed Generating Capacity (MW)

Why Such Growth? …costs are low! Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances Manufacturing Improvements cents/kWh cents/kWh cents/kWh 2011 Less than 5 cents/kWh

Modern Wind Turbines Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor. The NEED Project 2014

Vertical-Axis Turbines Advantages o Omni-directional - accepts wind from any direction o Components can be mounted at ground level - ease of service - lighter weight towers o Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind Disadvantages o Rotors generally near ground where wind is poorer o Centrifugal force stresses blades o Poor self-starting capabilities o Requires support at top of turbine rotor o Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings o Overall poor performance and reliability

Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines Small (<10 kW ) o Homes o Farms o Remote Applications (e.g., water pumping, Telecom sites, ice making) Large (250 kW-2+ MW) o Central Station Wind Farms o Distributed Power o Schools Intermediate( kW) o Village Power o Hybrid Systems o Distributed Power

Large Wind Turbines  Common Utility-Scale Turbines o 328’ base to blade o Each blade is 112’ o 200 tons total o Foundation 20’ deep o Rated at megawatts o Supply about 500 homes

Wind Turbine Components

How a Wind Turbine Operates The NEED Project 2014

Installation of Wind Turbines The NEED Project 2014

Wind Turbine Perspective Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections Workers Blade 112’ long The NEED Project 2014

Wind Farms

Offshore Wind Farms

Residential Wind Systems and Net Metering

Potential Impacts and Issues  Property Values  Noise  Visual Impact  Land Use  Wildlife Impact Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.

Impacts of Wind Power: Noise The NEED Project 2014

Wildlife Impacts

For More Information The NEED Project Energy Information Administration U.S. Department of Energy The NEED Project 2014

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