ACTED (BRACE) Establishing livelihood baselines in Warrap, Northern and Western Bahr El Ghazal States, South Sudan 21st December 2012

Contents HEA Overview What was done Baseline results HEA Outcome analysis Discussion - Q&A

HEA Framework: Overview HEA starts with an understanding of how households normally live….

HEA Framework: Overview …then it incorporates the impact of a shock….

Survival Threshold Livelihoods Protection Threshold Gap HEA Framework: Overview …and finally looks at how people might be able to cope. The analysis suggests that post- shock, households will not be able to maintain their normal livelihood assets without assistance.

BASELINE HAZARD + COPING OUTCOME + = HEA Framework Overview: Components In practice this process is broken into six steps

What it does: Defines areas within which people share broadly the same patterns of livelihood BASELINE Why it is necessary: Allows you to target geographically & to customize indicators for livelihoods monitoring systems Step 1: HEA Framework Overview: Components

BASELINE Step 2: What it does: Groups people together using local definitions of wealth and quantifies their livelihood assets Why it is necessary: Allows you to disaggregate the population and indicate who (and how many) need assistance HEA Framework Overview: Components

Step 3: What it does: Quantifies sources of food and income, and expenditure patterns using ‘common currency’ Why it is necessary: Enables comparisons across wealth groups, zones and countries & provides starting point for outcome analysis BASELINE HEA Framework Overview: Components

What was done Training District level enquiry and Market information. Key informants FDGs Household level FG Interviews in both zones

HEA Training Participants are selected and recruited by ACTED 10 people are trained and 8 are selected for the field work

INFORMATION: Reference year (Sept August 2012) Ironstone Plateau Western Flood Plains (N) Total District level meetingsSecondary data257 Market interviewsPrices Supply routes 224 Key informant focus groups at village level Wealth groups Seasons Timelines Focus Group Discussions FDG) with Very poor and Poor households (6-8 participants) Source of food, income, expenditure (12 months) FDGs with Middle wealth groups (6-8 participants) As above88112 FDGs with Better-off households (6-8 participants) As above88112 Total sample size of study > 587

Wealth group criteria The Ironstone livelihood zone

Wealth group criteria Western Flood Plains LZ

Sources of Food - Western Flood Plains

Sources of Food- Ironstone Plateau

12 FOOD TYPES (FNTA technical guide on DD Version II) Wet season (May- Sept/Oct, 5-6 months) Dry season (Nov- April/May, 5-6 months) 1. Cereals (sorghum,maize, millet, rice and various types of naturally occurring ‘grass’ seeds) Some stored, some purchased depending on own production and in-kind payments and Household budgeting for cult/cropping season (Peak energy needs) Eaten green pre-harvest, own production post harvest and purchased to benefit from lower seasonal prices plus saving own production for cult/cropping season. 2. Roots and tubers inc. wild foodsCassava in Ironstone plateau plus wild tubers Dried cassava, but mostly naturally occurring wild roots & tubers 3. Vegetables & wild foodsOkra, pumpkin, wild leaves plus other naturally occurring greens (vines, leaves,etc.) Onion and tomatoes purchased by Better off groups. Dried and stored Okra and other veg. used in sauces. Okra and local greens also cultivated by rivers. Onion and tomatoes purchased by Better off. 4. Fruits & wild foodsWild fruits consumed by children (Dhiot, Cum, Cuei, Lang, Thou flesh, Pac, Wild fruits consumed by children 5. Meat & offal including game meatMainly only consumed during festivals (funeral & wedding feasts etc) 6. EggsOccasional 7. FishPool fishing at the end of the wet season - begining of the dry season, Dried fish used in cooking. River fishing end of the dry season- beg. wet season 8. Pulses & nuts including Wild FoodsCowpea, groundnuts, and nuts occurring naturally in the forest Stored own production plus Thou/Lalop from the forest (January - March) 9. Milk/productsLess available for Poor Hhs - occasionally accessed from wealthier kin or purchased Less available for Hh members not moving to the Toic with the cattle - especially for poorer Hhs 10. Oils and fats including simsim (sesame) and Lulu oil (Raak/Shea nut) Groundnut oil, Lulu oil (Ironstone Plateau), simsim oil and from market Groundnut oil, Lulu oil (Ironstone Plateau) simsim/sesame oil & from market 11. Sugar & honeySugar purchased. Honey more accessible in the Ironstone plateau zone 12. Misc.Termites, shield bugs, etc when in season Beer and other local brews Termites, shield bugs, etc when in season Beer and other local local brews Dietary Diversity & Quality

Sources of Income- Western Flood Plains (N)

Sources of Income- Ironstone LZ

Income Level by LZ and Wealth Group Hh category Average annual Hh Income (SSP) Ironstone LZ Average annual Hh Income (SSP) Western Flood plains LZ V Poor Poor Middle Better- off

Gender aspects re income activities MonthsJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec CODE: Men Women Both, BOLD: High demand, W -more, w -less Economic Activities SeasonDry Rain Dry Land preparation BB Planting BBB Weeding BB Harvesting BBB Labor employment MMMMMMMM Charcoal MMMMMM Firewood WWWWWW Grass saleW W BrewingWWW W Brick MakingMMM MM Livestock sale MMMMMM Milking WWWWWWWW Wild food collectionWWWWWWW FishingMMMMM

Expenditure- Western Flood Plains (N)

Expenditure - Ironstone Plateau Zone

Seasonal calendar NB seasonal access to food and income sources-Ironstone LZ

Seasonal calendar NB seasonal access to food and income sources-Western Flood Plains LZ

Outcome analysis

Step 4: What it does: Translates a hazard into economic consequences at household level Why it is necessary: Allows you to mathematically link the shock to each relevant livelihood strategy OUTCOME ANALYSIS HEA Framework Overview: Components

Step 5: What it does: Assesses the ability of households to respond to the hazard Why it is necessary: Determines the amount of external assistance required & Highlights monitoring indicators for testing prediction OUTCOME ANALYSIS HEA Framework Overview: Components

Livelihoods Protection Threshold Predicted Outcome Step 6: What it does: Predicts the outcome of the hazard in relation to livelihood protection and survival thresholds Why it is necessary: Allows you to determine whether people need external assistance in order to survive and/or to maintain their livelihood assets OUTCOME ANALYSIS HEA Framework Overview: Components Survival Threshold

Outcome Analysis and follow up in 2013 Run a common shock(s) Baseline <> shock <> expandability ( Final checks needed ) > Outcome Possible options to support greater resilience? Key parameters for monitoring? –Discussion on LIAS and 2013 plans

Relevance for BRACE GOAL: To build household and community resilience to shocks and to improve food and economic security in rural areas.. OUTCOME: The target group are vulnerable populations including returnees. The sustained increase in food security during the hunger period (April to September/October) for up to 25,000 households (175,000 beneficiaries). Dietary quality Gender awareness

Discussion points: Food availability, access and utility? –Seasonal aspects? - the contribution from food/income sources April-October viz local labour and petty trade options for the more vulnerable groups + wild food access + stored and preserved foods? –Community dynamics and wealth group inter-relationships? (Employers<> Employees)…strengthening the local labour market and care needed when considering FFA work that may clash with local labour demand. … acting as a disincentive for the Middle and Better-off groups to increase area under cultivation etc. –Markets - availability and access issues (Cash and in-kind payment shifts depending on access and inflationary factors) - Seasonal road access and trade from North and South, oil revenues back on ? Etc. –Gender inequalities, Childcare - traditional roles and responsibilities, maternal education, hygiene and sanitation practices? Link to malnutrition trends, seasonal events and household behaviour. –Production constraints for more vulnerable (Risk & RTHL)

Resilience Strengthen coping options? Monitor changes around the Livelihood protection threshold Observe any shifts in proportioning of Wealth groups Try to detect whether increased access to food (from FFA) is building resilience or resulting in the substitution of other food and income activities by households Expected benefits of FFA viz GFD? –Short term –Long term?…. in order to monitor these changes.