Class #7: Monday, September 13, 2010 Hurricanes Chapter 15 1Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010.

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Class #7: Monday, September 13, 2010 Hurricanes Chapter 15 1Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Review for test #1 Chapter 2, pp Chapter 3, pp ; Chapter 7, p. 174 Chapter 9, pp ; 232-4, Chapter 10, pp ; 268 Chapter 15, pp Chapter 17, pp Class #7, Monday. September 13, 20102

Fig. 15-CO, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Tropical Weather Noon sun is always high, seasonal temperature changes small Daily heating and humidity = cumulus clouds and afternoon thunderstorms Non-squall clusters, tropical squall line, tropical wave Seasons defined by precipitation (higher sun season/ITCZ) as opposed to temperature 4Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

5

Anatomy of a Hurricane Intense storm of tropical origin with winds greater than 64kts; typhoon (N. Western Pacific), cyclone (Indian Ocean), tropical cyclone (Aust.) Eye, center, break in clouds, sinking air, lowest p Eye wall, intense thunderstorms, upward motion Spiral rain bands, principal rain band to northeast Anticyclonic divergence aloft over the storm Latent heat comes from ocean surface evaporation in strong winds, warm Temperatures 6Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig. 15-2, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig. 15-3, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Stepped Art Fig. 15-3, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Stepped Art Fig. 15-3, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Stepped Art Fig. 15-3, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig. 15-4, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig. 15-5, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig. 15-6, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Hurricane Formation and Dissipation  The Right Environment Tropical waters with light wind, high humidity 26.5°C sea surface temperatures (June-November) Surface convergence trigger (tropical wave) Coriolis effect: 5-20º latitude Weak vertical wind shear, weak winds aloft  The Developing Storm Cluster of thunderstorms around a rotating low pressure center Release of latent heat, divergence aloft 15Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

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Hurricane Formation and Dissipation The Storm Dies Out – Cold water, land Hurricane Stages of Development – Tropical Disturbance – Tropical Depression (22-34kts) – Tropical Storm (35-64kts) – Hurricane (> 65kts) 19Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

20Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig. 1, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Hurricane Formation and Dissipation  Topic: Hurricanes and Mid-latitude Storms Hurricane warm core low Mid-latitude cold-core low Arctic hurricanes Hurricane + upper level trough = mid-latitude cyclone  Hurricane movement General track: west, northwest, northeast Much variation 22Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

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Stepped Art Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

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Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Naming Hurricane and Tropical Storms Process has changed over the years: – Latitude and longitude – Letters of the alphabet – Alphabetical female names – Alphabetical, alternating female and male names – Retirement (Katrina, Camille) 28Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Devastating Wind, Storm Surge, and Flooding Highest winds on the eastern side of storm (wind + speed of storm) Swell Storm surge on north side of storm (tide) Coastal flooding River flooding Hurricane spawned tornadoes Saffir-Simpson scale – 1 weakest, 5 strongest 29Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

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Table 15-1a, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Table 15-1b, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

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Fig. 15-3, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

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Fig. 2, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig. 3, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

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Some Notable Storms Camille 1969 Hugo 1989 Andrew 1992 Ivan 2004 Katrina Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Some Notable Storms  Observation: Atlantic Hurricanes Abnormally warm ocean water and weak vertical sheer allowed for high frequency of hurricanes  Environmental Issue: Hurricanes in a Warmer World No clear answer, need more data Intensity and frequency most likely to be impacted. 40Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Table 15-2, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Table 15-3, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig. 4, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Stepped Art Fig. 4, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig. 5, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Hurricane Watches, Warnings, and Forecasts Watch issued hours before hurricane expected to make landfall Warning issued when storm expected to strike coast within 24 hours and probability of strike in a given location provided. 58Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

59Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Stepped Art Fig , p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Fig. 6, p Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010

Modifying Hurricanes Operation STORMFURY: seed clouds to create rain, weaken hurricane, and reduce winds; no conclusive evidence it was effective Oil or film on water to reduce evaporation and latent heat available to storms 62Class #7, Monday. September 13, 2010