GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Unit 2: The Roman World

The Origins of Rome  The Myth  Romulus and Remus  The Sabine women  What does the myth tell us about Roman values?

The Reality  The Latins (from North of the Alps)  753 BC founding of the city of Rome  The Etruscans (from Asia Minor)  Arrived in 800 BC by 625 BC ruled all of Northern Italy (Tuscany)  Influences on Rome  Military org (phalanx), Weapons, Chariots, Engineering, Gladiators  Greek Influences  Greek colonists settled in the South which became known as Magna Graecia (Great Greece)  Greek alphabet  Religion (also through the Etruscans)  Anthropomorphic gods, animal sacrifice, oracles

Greek settlements in Italy

The Influence of Geography  The Alps  Protection from invasion  The Apennines  Not as divisive as the mts. In Greece  The Tiber (food/trans)  18 miles from the sea  The 7 hills  pasture land and wood  Fertile plain (good soil)

The Birth of the Roman Republic  Etruscan Domination of the City of Rome (c. 625 BC – 509 BC)  Etruscan Kings ruled for life after the approval of the Senate and the citizens  Etruscans Kings Pushed out by 509 BC due to bad monarchy  In their place the Romans founded a Republic (Defn?)

 The 7 Hills of Rome

Roman Society  Patricians v. Plebeians  Patricians made up about 5-7% of population and were socially and legally superior  Only patricians could become Consuls, Judges, Priests  Three names (praenomen, gens, nomen) Citizenship and votingCitizenship and voting  Citizenship required 2 Roman parents Adult male landowners (participation in army)Adult male landowners (participation in army) The Census: every 5 years you needed to registerThe Census: every 5 years you needed to register Censors made decisions to move people up or down the civic hierarchy (Patricians only)Censors made decisions to move people up or down the civic hierarchy (Patricians only)

The Struggle of the Orders BC  Plebeians slowly gained more rights  How?  The 12 tables (451 BC)  10 Tribunes  No enslavement for debt  Marry Patricians  Enter Priesthood  Eventually won the right to become Consul / Senator

Comparing Republican Govt’s Rome United States Executive 2 consuls elected by the Ass. Once a year. Power of Imperium only outside the city Led the army, served as judges and Priests President elected by the people for four years Legislative Senate of 300 members, serve for life Curiate Assembly: oldest, based on Clan associations Centuriate Ass: all citizen soldiers, members for life. (rubber stamp) All bodies dominated by the aristocracy (Oligarchy) Senate of 100 members House of Reps 435 members Judicial Praetors: 8 judges chosen for 1 year Responsible for civil law Supreme court: 9 justices who serve for life

The Roman Army  Divided into legions of between five and six thousand Roman citizens  All citizens had to serve (length of service varied)  Century: (80 men under the command of a Centurion. (Highest ranking non patrician)  Cohorts: 6 centuries (480)  Legions: 10 cohorts (4,800) Each with its own standard and legionary Eagles  Auxiliary troops made up of non-citizens were called on to support the regular army  Discipline: Decimation

Roman Expansion in Italy  By 265 BC had conquered most of Italy  Defeated the Latin League and the Greeks in the South  Life under Roman Rule  Citizenship, Municipalities, Allies by treaty, Garrisoned lands  All had to acknowledge Roman superiority, pay taxes and supply soldiers  Opportunity to move up and become citizens

Roman Expansion Roman Expansion  Rome and Carthage  What and where is Carthage?  The problem

The 1 st Punic War ( BC)  Mostly a naval conflict brought about by the Roman desire to expel a Carthaginian garrison from Sicily  Results  Treaty in which both sides promised not to attack each others allies (Carthage paid a tribute for 10 years)  Rome gains its first territory off the Italian peninsula  Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia

Hannibal and the 2 nd Punic War Hannibal and the 2 nd Punic War  Father Hamlicar raised him in the army  At 26 he assumes command  Brought about by the Punic Empire in Spain  Carthage seized a town that was a new Roman ally causing Rome to declare war  218 BC invades Rome through the Alps with 50K men 37 elephants (2.5 months)  Lost 18K and a third of his elephants  Will need to recruit in Italy

Battles of The Second Punic War ( BC) Battles of The Second Punic War ( BC)  Trebia River (30,000 lost)  Battle of Lake Trasamine (15,000)  Battle of Cannae: (70,000) Battle of Cannae: (70,000) Battle of Cannae: (70,000)  Publius Cornelius Scipio  204 BC Scipio lands in Africa after conquering the Punic Empire in Spain  202 BC Battle of Zama (Hannibal’s mercenaries deserted)  Carthage was made a dependent ally of Rome

The 3 rd Punic War 146 BC  Rome decided to eliminate Carthage once and for all (Cato the Elder)  They were once again economically successful and a threat  They violated the terms of their treaty by crossing a Roman imposed frontier?  After a three year siege they completely wipe out Carthage in 146 BC  133 BC Rome controls the Mediterranean  Macedonia, Asia Minor, Africa, Spain

Hannibal and Scipio

The Consequences of Expansion  Positive  War and conquest  slaves  Negative  War and conquest  slaves

The consequences of expansion Negative  Too much new territory would be hard to rule  Damage to Italian farmland forced small farmers to abandon or sell their land (some worked as tenant farmers)  Slaves took agricultural jobs, many former farmers went to Rome and were underemployed (Irony?)  New foreign grain also drove the price of Italian grain down (Irony)  Division between rich and poor became more sharp when the wealthy consolidate newly acquired land into Latifundia  All of these led to new political, social and economic problems