“World War I Ends”

A. Early Battles Across the World 1.Serbia: Austria-Hungary invade 2.Africa: Britain & France fight Germany in south & west 3.Asia: New Zealand, Australia, & Japan invade ; seize German and Chinese territory in Asia 4.Battle of Tannenberg (Aug , 1914): German defeats Russia in East Prussia The Early Years

A.Schlieffen Plan: German plan to attack France by invading Belgium. B.Outcome: By end of August, German offensive had overrun Belgium and swept into France (50 miles from Paris) The Western Front

1.Sept 5-12, Reasons for Battle: - Allied counterattack to stop the month long German offensive towards Paris Outcome: Allied victory & Germans retreat (60 miles) The German plan for quick victory ruined Sets stage for Trench warfare Casualties: - Germans: 220,000 - Allies: 263,000 1 st Battle of the Marne German Attack  French attack

1.Oct 19 – Nov. 22, Reasons for battle: - Britain: safeguard English Channel ports - France: prevent Germany from outflanking Allies - German: last major obstacle in “Race to the Sea” Outcome: Victory for the Allies Casualties: - Germans: 134, Allies: 161, 957 End of the German “Race to the Sea” Began stalemate on Western Front Battle of Ypres British troops

WWI becomes a “War of Attrition” 1. Following the first two months, WWI on Western Front became a stalemate (non-mobile war) 2. Trench Warfare begins and WWI became a fight to outlast and survive by keep adding troops and weapons

1.Feb 21-Dec 18, Reasons for battle: - German offensive to deliver fatal blow French city of Verdun and important railway to Paris Battle of Verdun Outcome: Resulted in a stalemate Longest & most costly battles of WWI Casualties: - Germans: 434,000 - Allies: 542,000 French Troops Fort Douaumont Battle Map

Battle of the Somme 1.July 1-18, Reasons for Battle: - British & French attack to break the German line & deliver decisive blow Outcome: Resulted = stalemate & disaster for both sides (Allies capture 7 miles) Bloodiest battles of WWI Largest battles of WWI Casualties: - Germans: 465,,000 - Allies: 623,907 No Mans Land  British troops and tank

II.) A.Russia faces problems 1. Shortages (food, weapons, ammunition, clothes) 2. Allies couldn't ship supplies due to blockades by Central Powers 3. Suffered major casualties (2 million KIA, MIA, or wounded in 1915 alone)

A.Battle of Gallipoli (April-Jan, 1916): British & French attempt to capture Istanbul; Ottoman Empire defeat the allies (greatest Turk victory of war) B.Allies defeat Turks by 1917; seize Baghdad, Jerusalem, & Damascus with help of T.E. Lawrence (a.k.a. Lawrence of Arabia) C.Brazil sends troops/ships; Asian & African colonies supply troops III.) Across the World

IV.) The U.S. Joins the War! A.Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germans begins in Lusitania sunk by German U-Boat on May 7, 1915 (1,098 killed including 128 Americans) Outcome: U.S. outraged! B.Zimmerman Note (Feb. 1917): Germans urge Mexico to declare war on U.S. with German help Outcome: April 2, 1917 U.S. joins war on Allied side

"It must be a peace without victory...Victory would mean peace forced upon the loser, a victor's terms imposed upon the vanquished. It would be accepted in humiliation, under duress, at an intolerable sacrifice, and would leave a sting, a resentment, a bitter memory upon which terms of peace would rest, not permanently, but only as upon quicksand. Only a peace between equals can last." — Woodrow Wilson, 22 January 1917 Woodrow Wilson

V.) Defeat of the Central Powers A.March 1918= Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russian treaty with Germans to exit WWI due to Russian Revolution B. July 1918 = Allies defeat Germans at Chateau-Thierry C.Sept = Allies defeat Central Powers at 2 nd Battle of the Marne Outcome: Bulgaria surrenders D.Oct = Ottoman Empire surrenders and Austria-Hungary splits E. Nov = civil unrest and military uprising force Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate the throne

11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed! “The War to End All Wars” is OVER!!!!!!!!!

9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

Total Cost of World War I $300 Billion

VI.) The Paris Peace Conference A.Jan Allies meet in Versailles, France to arrange peace treaty for WWI (The Paris Peace Conference) 1. The Big Four: - Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) - David Lloyd George (Britain) - Georges Clemenceau (France) - Vittorio Orlando (Italy) 2. Not Invited: - Russia 3. No Role: - countries from Central Powers

VII.) The Ideas and Problems A.Problems: 1. New political situations (Austria-Hungary, Russia, Germany, Ottoman Empire) 2. Colonies want independence (Nationalism) 3. Allied Powers make territory demands B.Ideas: 1. reparations (payment for damages caused by war) 2. League of Nations (world organization to maintain peace) 3. “Wilson’s Fair Peace” vs. “Make Germany Pay”