Themes in Anglo-Scottish Relations: 1. Scottish Expansionism: desire to hold:- Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancaster etc. As well as Huntingdon and Tynedale

Themes in Anglo-Scottish Relations 2. Vague, ill-defined English superiority over Scottish monarchy and kingdom. 3. Jurisdictional dispute between English and Scottish churches - i. coronation/unction ii. Archbishop of St Andrews iii. Church taxes 4. Factors which help maintain peace: cross-border landholding; shared culture and values; marriages.

Malcolm III ( ) attacks Norham but forced to give personal submission to William the Conqueror killed attacking northern England.

General Trends:- 1. English military superiority. 2. Personal Monarchy - opportunism of one king when the other dies or has domestic problems...

David I ( ) Born 1085; brought up at Norman court of England; brother-in-law of Henry I, who made him a Justiciar, sheriff and earl of Northumbria and Huntingdon used threat of Norman invasion of Scotland to force brother Alexander I to give him the Lothians...

David I ( ) Henry I dies and King Stephen takes English throne. David I seizes northern England counties… David loses battle of Standard David helps enemies of Stephen, including France, in hope of securing Northumberland David dies at Carlisle

Malcolm IV ( ), ‘the Maiden’ has to give up all English lands except Huntingdon and Tynedale to Henry II - gives personal submission to Henry II serves Henry II in France

Treaty of Falaise, 8 December William I loses lands he holds in England - magnate hostages and Scottish southern castles to Henry II - Scottish church to be subject to Archbishop of York as ‘customary’ - William and all heirs to do homage to Henry II ‘for Scotland and all his other lands’ - Magnates and prelates of Scotland also to do homage to English king. See Duncan, The Making of the Kingdom, chapter 9.

Quitclaim of Canterbury, 5 December Richard I releases William I of Scotland “and his heirs for ever” from 1174 treaty - William to be restored to English lands held by Malcolm IV - William to pay 10,000 merks (£6,666) to Richard I Papal Bull Cum Universi, 13 March 1192 Scotland a ‘special daughter’ of Rome.

Relations c William continues to press for influence in northern England… John forces him to pay 15,000 m and to give daughters’ hands Alexander II, Scots’ aggression Alex. Gives up claims plan to wed Henry III’s sister near war as Huntingdon lost

Treaty of York, 25 September Alexander II renounced claims to northern English lands - gave up any claim to recover 15,000 merks which William I paid to John I in return for royal marriage promises in Left with Tynedale (worth £200 p.a.)

Alexander III ( ) and Henry III ( ) - See A. Young August 1244 Anglo-Scottish peace reaffirmed - Prince Alexander to wed Henry III’s daughter, Margaret marriage of Alexander and Margaret - Canterbury parliament where Alexander refuses to give homage to Henry for Scotland, not just for his English lands rival Scottish noble groups appeal to Henry III to give them power in Scotland during Alexander’s minority.

Lands of Scottish kings in England before 1286.

13th century: 9 of 13 Scottish earls had lands in England 7 of 22 English earls had lands in Scotland - Noble Intermarriage - Anglo-Norman culture

Alexander III ( ) and Henry III ( ) - See A. Young August 1244 Anglo-Scottish peace reaffirmed - Prince Alexander to wed Henry III’s daughter, Margaret marriage of Alexander and Margaret - Canterbury parliament where Alexander refuses to give homage to Henry for Scotland, not just for his English lands rival Scottish noble groups appeal to Henry III to give them power in Scotland during Alexander’s minority.

Edward I of England ( )

October 1278 Westminster Parliament English version:- ‘I, Alexander, become the liege man of the Lord Edward, King of England, against all men.’ Scottish version:- Alexander III: ‘I become your man for the lands which I hold of you in the realm of England, for which I owe you homage, saving my realm.’ Bishop of Norwich: ‘Be that saved to the king of England if he have a right to your homage for that kingdom.’ Alexander III: ‘No-one has a right to homage for my kingdom save God alone, and I hold it only of God.’ See Barrow, Kingship and Unity, P. 156 or Duncan, P. 589.

‘Much Good may come to pass’ Jan-Feb last of Alexander III’s children dies; Maid of Norway named as heir April Edward I’s first son, Edward born Alexander III’s letter to Edward I - hint of possible marriage of Prince Edward to Maid? Alexander = Yolande of Dreux

19 March 1286.