 Conduction Heat loss from direct contact with a cold object  Convection Heat loss from moving air or wind  Radiation Body radiates heat, just like a stove does  Evaporation Loose heat from losing water like sweating and breathing

 Metabolism Simple carbs-tinder-cookies, candy, juice Complex carbs-sticks-vegetables, pasta’s, oatmeal Protein and fats- logs-meat, peanut butter  Shivering Don’t want to get to their point  The best way is? Exercise

 In layers  The three layers are Base  Wick moisture from body-wool, fleece, polypropylene Insulation  Keeps you warm- Shell  Protects you from environment-goretex (breathable and waterproof) Never wear what kind of material in the winter? - cotton-no insulating factor when wet

 Wake up in the morning-Wear all layers to keep in your body heat Until you get breakfast and start being active.  Getting ready to be active-Take layers off Take layers off until you feel cool but not cold Prevents you from sweating, losing heat and having to stop to take clothes off Open zippers, roll up sleeves, taking off your hat or mitts if it is not windy

 When stopping for more then a few minutes put layers back on so you did not get chilled.  Keep a layer close at hand.  If you get snow on you always brush it off as quickly as possible  If not it will melt into your clothes and refreeze as ice, leading to you being cold

 At the end of the day, as activity decreases and temperature drops, you will need to add layers.  Once you start to cool down it takes a lot of the body's resources (calories) to heat up again so layer up ASAP before you get chilled.  put on more that you think you need; it will only get colder. If you are too warm, you can open up layers and ventilate to reach the proper temperature.

 Map and compass  Fire starter Lighters, waterproof matches, lint, fire starters  First aid supplies  Mutli tool and small knife  Protein or high energy bars, dried fruit  Space blanket or garbage bags  Tin can for water----iodine or chlorine tablets to purify water If big enough can hold all the ten essential items  Signaling devices-small mirror, flashlight  Rope or cord-lots come in bracelets now.  Insulation-spare hat, mitts, socks

 Body temperature below 37  Symptoms Fumbly Stumbly Grumbly Mumbly Poor judgement Severe is when someone STOPS SHIVERING, skin looks blue, muscle coordination very poor-need medical care

 Use insulation and some external heat to prevent further heat loss  Do not use excessive external heat (the goal is not to re-warm the patient)  Protect from the environment

 Frozen tissue due to decrease peripheral blood flow  Symptoms Start losing feeling in a body part-mainly fingers and toes Skin will be pale and firm Frost Nip and Contact Frost Bite Prevent it by staying WARM, DRY, HYDRATED and FED

 For first degree warm up the affected area with skin to skin contact or warm water baths  After first degree get medical attention

 Dugloo and Snow cave Both are similar to Quinzhee but skip the piling of snow. Need a deep mound of snow

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 Parts of compass

 Point the Direction of Travel arrow towards where you want to go.  Turn the compass housing so that RED IS IN THE BED  Walk forward in the direction of the direction arrow.  Periodically stop and check your bearing by putting RED IN THE BED

 The opposite bearing of a forward bearing E.g. the forward bearing is north therefore the back bearing is south Found 3 ways

 Do the math! By adding or subtracting 180 degrees from your forward bearing.  Forward bearing less than 180, then add 180 degrees to it  Forward bearing greater then 180 degrees, then subtract 180 degrees from it  Back bearing should alwas be between degrees

 200/20 trick  When your bearing is less than 180°, add 200° and then subtract 20° (same as adding 180)  When your bearing is greater than 180°, subtract 200° and then add 20° (same as subtracting 180°).

 When you are taking a bearing with a base plate compass, and you want a back bearing instead of a forward bearing, box the compass needle with the south end where the north end would usually be. The resulting bearing will be 180° different  rward-and-back-bearings rward-and-back-bearings