Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 1 The Journey of Discovery Continues Voyager Interstellar Mission

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 2 What is an Astronomical Unit (AU)?? Distance between Sun and Earth About 93 million miles Or ~150 million kilometers Or ~8.3 light minutes

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 3 Mariner Jupiter Saturn (MJS) Mission Renamed Voyager prior to launch

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 4 Spacecraft and Launch Vehicle

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 5 The Grand Tour Trajectory

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 6 The Grand Tour active atmospheres high-speed jet streams large storm systems all have ring systems all have magnetospheres total of 57 known moons great diversity among moons Io, Europa, Titan, Triton unique spectrum of scientific discoveries

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 7 Jupiter Great Red Spot is complex storm rotating counterclockwise Incredibly diverse satellite geology Active volcanoes on Io with plumes extending up to 300 Km (200 miles) above surface. Two new, small moons found orbiting just inside the ring and a third satellite discovered between orbits of Amalthea. Magnetospheric rotation strips away material from Io and forms a torus along Io’s orbit around Jupiter. Saw cloud top lightning bolts and polar auroras Jupiter and Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 8 Saturn Complex ring system consisting of irregular shaped particles A wide variety of satellites in Saturn’s orbit, including “shepherd” moons and possibly a captured asteroid Titan, a planet-sized moon has thick nitrogen-methane atmosphere Chemistry of Titan may resemble that which occurred on Earth before life evolved. Saturn and Enceladus, Rhea, Dionne, Tethys, Mimas, Titan

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 9 Uranus Magnetic field tilted 60 degrees and offset from the center of the planet by about 1/3 radius Sunlit pole radiates large amounts of ultraviolet light - “dayglow” Cloud top temperature about -350 degrees F over most of the planet 10 new moons found Broad ring system, distinctly different from those at Jupiter and Saturn TitiniaMiranda

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 10 Neptune Found six new moons Showed that Neptune’s rings are complete but are diffuse and the material so fine that they couldn’t be fully resolved from Earth. A total of four rings seen Several large Dark Spots similar to Jupiter’s storms. Great Dark spot the size of Earth and resembling the Great Red Spot Magnetic field highly tilted - 47 degrees from rotation axis - and offset from center by.55 radius Active geyser-like eruptions seen on Triton Triton’s retrograde orbit suggest it is a captured object Neptune and Triton Great Dark Spot

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 11 Looking Back and Looking Ahead Portrait of the Solar System Voyager 1, February 14, 1990 “pale blue dot”

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 12 Voyager Distances As of 4 October 2004 Distance from the SunRound-trip Light Time Voyager AU (13.96 billion km)25h 58m 36s Voyager AU (11.15 billion km)20h 38m 30s

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 13 Voyager and the Termination Shock Voyager 1 is the furthest human-made object from the Sun Both spacecraft on paths toward interstellar space No one knows how far out the Sun’s atmosphere (heliosphere) extends Will know how far when Voyager 1 reaches termination shock Heliopause is where the solar wind and interstellar wind meet Termination shock expected to be less than 100 AU from the Sun Voyager 1 may be close. Spacecraft has observed energetic Ions from the shock.

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 14 The Solar System - Overview of Scale

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 15 The Future Sufficient power until the year 2020Sufficient power until the year 2020 Voyagers will then wander the Milky WayVoyagers will then wander the Milky Way -Voyager 1 within 1.6 light years of AC in 40,000 years -Voyager 2 within 4.3 light years of Sirius in 296,000 years

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 16 Interstellar Outreach: A Golden Record From Earth Whale Greetings Sounds of Earth 90 minutes of music 118 pictures Greetings from U.S. President Jimmy Carter Greetings from Kurt Waldheim, UN Secretary General Congressional List Greetings in 54 languages

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 17 For More Information Voyager Web JPLhttp://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov Books -Murmurs of Earth, The Voyager Interstellar RecordCarl Sagan, et al -Voyager’s Grand TourDethloff & Schorn

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 18 Alternate Planetary Exploration Slides

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 19 Jupiter’s Rich Meteorology Great Red Spot, CCW 350-yr storm zonebelt “barge” Earth to scale Io and Europa over Jupiter disk

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 20 Comparing the Galilean Satellites

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 21 The Volcanoes of Io hot lava from Tvashtar Catena Pele plume to 300 km, fallout size of France Galileo image 50 km

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 22 Europa - Ice Over a Vast Ocean Voyager image Galileo image 5 km

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 23 Ganymede and Callisto Voyager Galileo Voyager/Galileo torn comet, 200 km scar 15 km

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 24 Saturn and Titan dense, nitrogen-methane atmosphere for Titan complex rings, many diverse moons ring “spokes” chemistry may resemble early Earth

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 25 Uranus and Miranda tilted, featureless, ringed, and 10 new moons discovered smashed and reassembled, or upwelling? diameter 472 km

Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 26 Neptune and Triton geyser-like eruptions fast winds, Great Dark Spot, faint rings, 6 new moons retrograde, likely captured object