PROTISTS State Standards:

Protists 1) Microscopic, unicellular organisms that contain a nucleus (eukaryotes).

CHARACTERISTICS Take in Oxygen through diffusion Can move like animals and react to changes in the environment Can be Autotrophs (Plant-like) or Heterotrophs (Animal-like or Fungus-like)

Protists Reproduce through fission

Move by using a pseudopod, or false foot. AMOEBA Move by using a pseudopod, or false foot. It is an extension of the cell membrane.

3- Examples a) Amoeba Pseudopod

PARAMECIUM Move by using Cilia- tiny hairs

3- Examples b) Paramecium Cilia Paramecia swimming amongst algae. Paramecium showing its cilia

Sporozoans All are parasites Example = Plasmodium – cause of Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum Various stages of the most deadly form of Malaria – Plasmodium falciparum

From mosquito to human Sporozoites in salivary gland. Oöcysts in stomach wall. Male and female gametocytes. Liver phase. Release of merozoites from liver. These enter red cells where both sexual and asexual cycles continue.

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS (ALGAE) 1) Are autotrophs, have chlorophyll and cell walls. 2) Most are plankton (live and float around in water).

Euglena – move by flagella or whip-like tail Nucleus Chloroplast Flagellum Euglena showing flagellum & chloroplasts Euglena swimming

Euglena Flagellum Chloroplast

a) Flagellum – whiplike tail

DIATOMS Unicellular algae that come in many shapes & sizes

Diatoms Cell Wall is made of Silica (a glassy substance)

Diatoms Uses of diatoms: 1) Fiberglass insulation 2) Some paints Diatomaceous Earth Uses of diatoms: 1) Fiberglass insulation 2) Some paints 3) Car polish 4) Toothpaste Fiberglass Insulation

a) Dinoflagellates Flagella

Other Examples of Algae Pediastrum (colony) Netrium Volvox (colony) Spirogyra

Algal blooms When nutrients get into the water (farm runoff, factory wastes, detergents, etc.) algae grow in great numbers. Algae using up oxygen can cause fish kills

Algal blooms Red tide – Bloom of microscopic red algae (rhodophyta) Fish Kill during red tide Red tide washing up on shore Red algae in water

4- Slime Molds Fungus-like protists that resemble different organisms throughout their life span (resemble an amoeba, a fungus with spores, and a flagellate).

4- Slime molds Scrambled egg slime: Fuligo septica Leocarpus fragilis Trichia decipiens Leocarpus fragilis (plasmodium) Leocarpus fragilis (fruiting bodies)

Protozoans

AMOEBA Contractile Vacuole Nucleus Cell Membrane Food Vacuole

Contractile Vacuole

Food Vacuole Food vacuole with food inside.

Endoplasm Pseudopod Ectoplasm

Pseudopodia Endoplasm pushes on the ectoplasm Ectoplasm pushes on cell membrane & forms a pseudopod. Ectoplasm then becomes endoplasm.

Amoeba surrounding food (algae) Phagocytosis Use of vacuoles to bring in food. Amoeba surrounding food (algae) with its pseudopodia

Pinnocytosis Use of vacuoles to bring in water Vacuoles forming to

PARAMECIUM Contractile Vacuole Food Vacuole Micronucleus Macronucleus Controls reproduction

Macronucleus & Micronucleus

PARAMECIUM Trichocyst- A “harpoon” used in defense

Trichocysts

PARAMECIUM Cilia

PARAMECIUM Oral Groove Gullet Anal Spot Newly formed Food Vacuole

How a Paramecium Eats Cilia moves food toward the oral groove Anal Spot Food vacuole At end of the gullet Food passes into the gullet A food vacuole forms at the end of the gullet Food vacuoles float in the cytoplasm Cilia moves food toward the oral groove After food is digested, waste exits through the anal spot

Oral Groove and Gullet Oral Groove Gullet

Flagellum Nucleus Nucleolus Mitochondria Chloroplast Cytoplasm

Reservoir Eyespot Pellicle Stores excess Used to detect water light Tough cell membrane + proteins

Euglena structures Eyespot Reservoir

CREDITS http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=3432 http://search.msn.com/images/details.aspx?q=contractile+vacuoles&color=both&size=1p&ht=324&wd=432&tht=96&twd=128&su=http%3a%2f%2fwww.csupomona.edu%2f%257Eghkageyama%2fpg%2fcontractvac%2fcontractvac10.htm&iu=http%3a%2f%2fwww.csupomona.edu%2f%257Eghkageyama%2fpg%2fcontractvac%2ffiles%2fcontractvac_05.jpg&tu=http%3a%2f%2fimages.picsearch.com%2fis%3f325572626578&sz=49 http://www.tnmanning.com/id150.htm