Agenda Bell ringer Review Atlantic System Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean Closure

Review How did sub-Saharan Africa’s expanding contacts in the Atlantic compare with its contacts with the Islamic world?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN ( )

Objectives Describe how the Ottoman Empire rose to power. Identify the factors that contributed to the Ottoman Empire’s transformation.

Essential Questions How did the Ottoman Empire rise to power? What factors contributed to the Ottoman Empire’s transformation?

Map 20-1, p. 534

Target: The Ottoman Empire (to 1750) Expansion and Frontiers – Established c. 1300, the Ottoman Empire grew: Shrewdness of leaders Strategic location between Europe and Asia Turkish cavalryman and gunpowder.

– 1453 – Byzantine rule brought to an end 1402 – much of southeastern Europe and Anatolia.

– Suleiman the Magnificent (r ) Sharia law, absolute power Expansion Sultans sought to control the Mediterranean.

p. 533

– 16 th century – could not stop growing Portuguese domination. – Eastern luxury products flowed to Ottoman markets. No consistent policy with developments in the Indian Ocean.

Central Institutions – Military balanced between cavalry archers, primarily Turks, and Janissaries.

– Janissaries – Christian prisoners of war who served as military slaves. Devshirme – levy of male children in Christian villages. – Placed with Turkish families then the sultan’s palace. – Converted to Islam.

– Cavalrymen supported by land grants. – Navy, but focused on land expansion. – Military class Language Osmanli. – Shari’a – part of urban institutions and social life. – Local customs – non-Muslims and rural areas.

Crisis of the Military State ( ) – Cannon and lighter-weight firearms. – Janissary corps grew. Sultan reduced cavalry. Inflation, restricted to collecting fixed amount of taxes. – Land returned to the state, displaced cavalrymen revolted in Anatolia ( ).

– Janissaries used growing influence to marry and engage in business. Lessened burden on state budget. Enrolling sons in corps = save state funds by abolishing forced recruitment. – Offset by increase in number of Janissaries and hiring of supplemental troops.

Economic change and growing weakness – Janissaries made membership hereditary. Decreased military skill, increased involvement in politics. – Land grants disappeared, tax farming arose. Paid taxes in advance, collected more from the taxpayers.

Rural administration suffered from rebellions, tax farms. – Imperial government relied on powerful provincial governors or wealthy men.

– Military power slowly declined. Ill-trained Janissaries sometimes hired substitutes. – Ottoman Empire lacked wealth and motivation to compete with European economies.

– “Tulip Period” ( ) – European styles and attitudes popular in Istanbul. – Provinces – governors, wealthy landholders, urban notables, nomad chieftains – Sultan’s power declining, economy reorienting toward Europe.

Essential Questions How did the Ottoman Empire rise to power? What factors contributed to the Ottoman Empire’s transformation?

Agenda

Review How did the Ottoman Empire rise to power? What factors contributed to the Ottoman Empire’s transformation?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN ( )

Objectives Describe how the Safavid Empire resembled its neighbors and differed from them.

Essential Questions How did the Safavid Empire resemble and differ from its neighbors?

Map 20-1, p. 534

Target: The Safavid Empire ( ) Iran Similar to Ottoman Empire – reliance on cavalry paid through land grants, cosmopolitan population, oriented away from the sea.

Safavid society and religion – Ismail – Shah of Iran, devoted to Shi’ite Islam. – Differences with neighbors – Persian, more contact with India, mosaics, poetry

Isfahan and Istanbul – Isfahan - Iran’s capital in 1598 under Shah Abbas.

Similarities – Women seldom in public. Isfahan – anderun (“interior”) Iran – harem (“forbidden area”) Could inherit property. Covering for both sexes. Those in public were likely slaves.

Economic crisis and political collapse – Little manufacturing. – Subsistence farming or herding. Few technological advances. – Inflation. – Little money to pay for army and bureaucracy. – Nomads.

Essential Questions How did the Safavid Empire resemble and differ from its neighbors?

Agenda

Review How did the Safavid Empire resemble and differ from its neighbors?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN ( )

Objectives Describe how the Mughal Empire combined Muslim and Hindu elements into an effective state.

Essential Questions How did the Mughal Empire combine Muslim and Hindu elements into an effective state?

Map 20-1, p. 534

Target: The Mughal Empire ( ) India – Hindu majority ruled by a Muslim minority – Result of military campaigns from early 1000s on. Hindu resentment.

Political foundations – Founded by Babur ( ). – Mughal – Persian for “Mongol.” – Akbar (r ) Established the central administration. Granted land revenues to military officers and government officials. Economy based on cotton cloth. Few external threats. No navy or merchant ships.

– Hindus and Muslims Unified imperial rule.

– Akbar strived for social harmony. Marriage Hindu princess. Each religious group subject to own laws. Made himself legal court of last resort. Center of a new “Divine Faith” – Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Sikh, and Christian beliefs. – Mixture of traditions survived. Later rulers reinstituted many restrictions on Hindus.

Central decay and regional challenges – Land-grant system. – Rise of strong regional powers. – British arrival.

Essential Questions How did the Mughal Empire combine Muslim and Hindu elements into an effective state?

Agenda

Review How did the Mughal Empire combine Muslim and Hindu elements into an effective state?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN ( )

Objectives Describe the role maritime history played in the political and economic life of this period.

Essential Questions What role did maritime history play in the political and economic life of this period?

Map 20-2, p. 549

Target: The Maritime Worlds of Islam ( ) Improvements in ship design, navigation accuracy, and use of cannon gave the edge to Europeans. Majority of non-European shipbuilders, captains, sailors, and traders were Muslim. Islam more welcoming than Christianity.

Muslims in Southeast Asia – Arab traders in southern China by 8 th century. Muslims had little impact initially. 14 th century – conversion and Muslim communities. – Islam strengthened resistance to the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch.

Merchants, Sufi preachers, or both first propagated Islam in Southeast Asia.

Muslims in coastal Africa – Muslim rulers governed the East African ports. – Cooperation among ports hindered by geography. – Northwest Africa – Portuguese and Spanish seizure of coastal strongholds.

European powers in southern seas – Other European countries reached Southeast Asia after the Portuguese. – Dutch in Australia in Beginning of European involvement in that region.

Essential Questions What role did maritime history play in the political and economic life of this period?