Saeed Ebrahimijam Spring Faculty of Business and Economics Department of Banking and Finance Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi FINA417

 Flags  Pennants  Head and shoulders  Symmetrical Triangles Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading2

 While the share price fast up/down trend stops because of supply and demand equilibrium. In this situation one of three states are expected to happen: 1- Reversal trend 2- prices can decline or rise to a support level before building up steam again. 3- prices can move sideways, and then continue it’s previous trend (consolidation formation) Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading3

 Consolidation formations occur when security prices move up or down too fast and reach a level at which the demand or supply that produced the move is completely absorbed.  the temporary oscillation of the price during an up/downward trend which stops Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading4

 Discussions of flags go back to the classic works on technical analysis by Schabaker and Edwards and Magee. Little progress has been made since then.  The price trend oscillate between two parallel lines and then, again continue it’s previous trend, which looks like a flag. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading5

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 It represents a pause in a quick, almost vertical, up or down move in prices. Prices move sideways forming a flag like pattern, break out from that pattern, and then continue in the same direction as before. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading7

 Typical Volume Action Volume is extremely heavy before the flag formation begins. As the pattern develops, volume diminishes to a relatively low level. Finally, volume explodes as prices complete and break out of the flag pattern. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading8

 Frequency of Occurrence Flags appear regularly on daily charts, but because of the short time they take to develop (typically less than four weeks), they are rarely seen on weekly charts, and are nonexistent on monthly charts. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading9

 typically appear at the halfway point of an up or down move. Therefore, one can expect prices to move about the same distance after the breakout from the flag pattern as they did just prior to the pattern.  Swing traders should learn to identify the flag because it is a highly reliable pattern with very strong profit potential. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading10

 If a share’s uptrend started from 10$ and the flag forms on 18$, the investor’s expected price after oscillation will be to increase around 26$. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading11

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 have the same characteristics of flags, except that a pennant is formed by converging, rather than parallel, boundary lines. Pennants slant down in uptrends and up in downtrends. As with fl ags, pennant consolidations are characteristic of fast up and down moves in prices. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading14

 Typical Volume Action Volume is extremely heavy before the pennant formation begins. As the pattern develops, volume diminishes to a relatively low level. Finally, volume increases significantly as prices complete and break out of the pennant pattern. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading15

 Frequency of Occurrence Pennants should take less than four weeks to complete and break out. Therefore, like flags, they are more identifiable in daily charts than in weekly charts and never appear on monthly charts. They occur most frequently in the last phase of bull markets and in the second stage of bear markets. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading16

 typically appear about midway through an up or down move. Therefore, expect prices to move about the same distance after the breakout from the pennant pattern as they did just prior to the pattern appearing. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading17

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Bullish Bearish Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading19

 Typical Price Action Head-and-shoulders continuation patterns are inverted relative to the direction of the price trend before they appear.  When prices are trending lower, a head-and- shoulders continuation pattern appears similar to a head-and-shoulders top. (Refer to Lesson 3 for a complete description of head-and-shoulders tops and bottoms.)  In an uptrend, a head-and-shoulders continuation pattern appears like a head-and- shoulders bottom. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading20

 volume decreases instead of increasing (as with the head-and-shoulders top) on the left shoulder and head, as well as on the right shoulder. Volume does resemble that of head and- shoulders tops and bottoms on breakout from the continuation patterns; it is relatively heavy. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading21

 Frequency of Occurrence Head-and-shoulders continuation patterns occur occasionally.  Technical Significance The measurement characteristics that apply to head-and shoulders tops and bottoms sometimes work with head- and-shoulders continuation patterns, but not with enough regularity to warrant reliance on them.  Technical significance is limited to notation that prices are continuing an uptrend or downtrend upon a breakout from the head-and-shoulders continuation pattern. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading22

 Typical Price Action Prices swing in a narrowing fashion between downslanting upper and upslanting lower boundary lines that are fairly symmetrical. There must be a minimum of four reversal points in the triangle. A breakout can occur at any time between two-thirds of the way to the apex and the apex. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading23

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 Volume diminishes as prices approach the apex of the triangle. On a valid upside breakout, volume is heavy; on a valid downside breakout, volume is often light at first and then picks up significantly after a few days.  Beware of upside breakouts on light volume and downside breakouts accompanied by heavy volume. They could be a warning of false moves. (No break out) Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading25

 Frequency of Occurrence Symmetrical triangles appear regularly on price charts.  Technical Significance On a valid upside breakout, you can expect prices to continue upward until they reach a line drawn parallel to the lower boundary line. The opposite is true for a valid downside breakout. Fundamental of Technical Analysis and Algorithmic Trading26