Phonation Physiology Chapter 5 Perry C. Hanavan, AuD

Practice Labeling

Review

Question Which non-speech function is helpful for lifting or pushing heavy objects? A.Coughing B.Abdominal fixation C.Throat clearing D.Swallowing reflex E.All the above

Larynx: Non-Speech Functions Coughing Abdominal fixation Throat clearing Swallowing reflex

The Cough

Can voluntarily cough Reflex triggered when irritant stimulates one or more cough receptors Receptors transmit message to cough center in brain, telling body to cough Cough begins with deep inhalation, at which point opening between vocal cords at upper part of larynx (glottis) shuts, trapping air in lungs As diaphragm and other muscles press against lungs, vocal folds suddenly abduct, producing explosive outflow of air at speeds exceeding 100 miles per hour

Question The Cough Reflex Test is a reliable test for A.Detecting cancer B.Detecting reflux C.Detecting aspiration pneumonia in stroke patients D.Detecting vocal nodules

Nonspeech Laryngeal Function Cough Reflex Visceral afferent branch of Vagus Nerve Response to irritant of tissue of respiratory passageway to irritant or foreign object Widely abducted vocal folds followed by tight adduction of vocal folds and elevation of larynx Smokers less sensitive to cough-inducing irritants (which may have important medical implications) Reflex cough test reliably evaluated the laryngeal cough reflex and the associated risk of developing aspiration pneumonia in stroke patients. –Testing the laryngeal cough reflex may significantly reduce morbidity, mortality, and costs in stroke patients. (Addington et al 1999)

Abdominal Fixation Process of capturing air in the thorax to provide the muscles with a structure on which to push or pull –i.e., lifting heavy objects, childbirth, etc.

Clearing Throat

Swallowing Reflex Bolus of food triggers reflex as it passes tongue above larynx Larynx elevates Epiglottis drops down to cover aditus (opening to larynx from pharynx) Tight adduction of folds

Vocal Fold Functions

Laryngeal Function for Speech Attack –Simultaneous –Breathy –Glottal Termination Sustained phonation Vocal register Whispering

Laryngeal Function for Speech Attack - process of bringing folds together for phonation, requires muscles (three types): –Simultaneous - adduction and onset of exhalation occurs together –Breathy - airflow begins before phonation “hope”, Breathy phonation - failure to completely close folds –Glottal- used when word begins with stressed vowel, normal process (Hard glottal attack – damaging) Termination - process of fold retraction (abduction) Sustained phonation - requires maintenance of tonic (sustained tensing) of musculature (actual phonation does not require repeated adduction and abduction)

Speech Function

Vocal Folds Phonation Fundamental Harmonics Habitual pitch Optimal pitch Average fundamental frequency

Question Register or pattern of phonation used in daily conversations: A.Falsetto B.Whistle C.Modal D.Vocal fry E.Whisper

Vocal Register Vocal register - differences in mode of vibration of vocal folds –Modal register - pattern of phonation used in daily conversations –Glottal fry - (rough voice) vibrating portion flaccid, lateral portion tensed resulting in strong medial compression with short, thick folds and low glottal pressureGlottal fry –Falsetto - long and extremely thin foldsFalsetto –Whistle register - turbulence on edge of vocal foldsWhistle register –Whispering - not actually phonatory because no voicing partially adducted and tensed to produce turbulence, strenuous and fatiguingWhispering

Modal Register Modal register or modal phonation refers to the pattern of phonation used in daily conversation Example

Vocal Fry

Glottal Fry Also known as pulse register or Strohbass (straw bass) Vocal folds vibrate between 30 and 90 Hz Frying pan sound of eggs frying Low subglottal pressure Tension of the vocalis is significantly reduced relative to modal vibration, so that the vibrating margin is flaccid and thick. The lateral portion of folds is tensed creating thick folds Example

Glottal Fry Vocal Fry

Falsetto A singing technique that produces sounds that are pitched higher than the singer's normal rangesingingpitchedsinger Vocal folds lengthened and become extremely thin expansion and separation of vocal cords, in which case, only the edges of the vocal cord vibrate, not the entire vocal cordvocal cords used by male countertenors to sing in the alto range, before women sang in choirs.countertenorsaltochoirs It is a very common technique in soul music, and has also been made popular in heavy metalsoul musicheavy metal How to sing falsetto Falsetto Voice Phrases

Whistle Register Register above falsetto (flageolet register) is the highest register of the human voice Up to 2500 Hz in females Product of turbulence on the edge of the vocal fold Not considered a mode of vibration as product of turbulence Mariah Carey

Whispering Not a phonatory mode Voicing removed Mariah Carey

Question Maintaining childhood pitch despite having passed through puberty… A.Aphonia B.Puberphonia C. Phonia fear D.Non-phonia

Puberphonia Maintenance of the childhood pitch despite having passed through puberty Puberphonia Other voice disorders

Gender & Age

Vocal Length Change with Age

Fundamental Frequency & Age

Vocal Intensity vs. Vocal Fold Vibration

2 Vocal Fold Intensities

Prosodic Feature of Question Form

Laryngeal Stridor

Terminology Abdominal fixation Bernoulli effect Bolus Dilate Cough Ventricular folds Phonation Vocal attack Simultaneous vocal attack Sustained phonation Breathy vocal attack Glottal attack Ventricular attack Hypertrophy Laryngitis Aphonia Vertical mode Maximum phonation Vocal fundamental frequency Minimum driving pressure Glottal fry Pulse register Strohbase Falsetto Whistle register Breathy phonation Pressed phonation Puberphonia Mutation Whispering Intensity Optimal pitch Jitter Suprasegmental Average fundamental frequency Shimmer Prosody Laryngeal stridor Monopitch Monoloud Vocal hyperfunction Mode of vibration Modal register Habitual pitch Vocal intensity Frequency Pitch Pitch range Termination of phonation

Voice Disorders Voice Doctor Voice Disorders Voice Doctor Voice Disorders Functional Voice Disorder Disorders of the Larynx Cancer of the Larynx