Pigeon Fever
Controversial
Feared
Misunderstood
A pain in the behind
Etiology Corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis Soil-borne, gram-positive, bacillus, intracellular, facultative anaerobe Cultures in ~48 hours 2 biotypes Biovar equi Multiple strains Biovar ovis Multiple strains
Epidemiology 3 general forms External abscesses 96% Internal abscesses 2% Ulcerative lymphangitis 2% Cellulitis with multiple draining lesions Entry via abrasions and/or wounds to the skin or mucous membranes Summer sores (ventral midline dermatitis) Horses, cattle, humans, sheep, goats
Epidemiology Transmission Horse to horse contact Insects “Other” vectors Contaminated soil “Contagious” Not as bad as Strangles Absolute quarantine not required Survival times Up to 2 months in hay or shavings More than 8 months in the soil
Epidemiology Yearly fluctuations Herd immunity Environmental factors Rainfall Temperature Hot, dry Not definitively determined at this time All breeds, all ages are at risk
Risk factors Appropriate environmental conditions map review <5 years or age Horses in contact with others on summer pastures Horses housed outside or with access to an outside paddock > stabled horses
Pathogenesis Incubation period 7 to 28 days Intracellular survival Toxins reduce disease fighting abilities Similar to that produced by the Brown Recluse spider Recovery 2 to 4 weeks Although rare, horses can develop persistent recurrent infections lasting for more than 1 year
External Abscesses Clinical signs Edema - 100% of the time Lameness or stiffness 100% of the time location, location Anorexia - general malaise Fever ~25% of the time Weight loss Non-healing wounds
External Abscesses Location…
Internal Abscesses Clinical signs Consistent with the involved organ or area Changes in lab work Blood Abdominal fluid Thoracic fluid Urine Serology Most commonly found in the liver or lungs
Internal Abscesses
Diagnosis Index of suspicion Culture Gold standard Ultrasonography Serology Internal abscesses
Ultrasonography
Treatment Time “You want me to wait?!” Yeah… lets allow the abscess to “cook” for a bit Drainage Ultrasound guidance Determine vascularity, depth, site
Treatment Antibiotics Variable Penicillins, Sulfas Rifampin, Doxycycline Antiinflammatories Bute, Banamine, Equioxx, Dexamethasone Hydrotherapy Cold or warm
Survival Rates <1% mortality rate associated with external abscessation with treatment 30 to 40% mortality rate associated with internal abscessation with treatment 100% without Ulcerative lymphangitis Similar mortality to internal abscesses
Long-term recovery In some horses, it can take up to 1 year for them to fully recover from the effects of pigeon fever Some horses will never fully recover from the effects of pigeon fever They die They are chronically lame They can suffer irreversible damage to vital organs
Any questions?
Up Coming Classes September 30thVeterinary Medicine 101: I want to be a veterinarian October 7thForelimb Lameness 21stHindlimb Lameness November 4thColic and GI Disease 18thRespiratory Disease December 2ndDisease Recognition
Thanks for your time