Inflamation

Damage to the body’s tissue triggers Inflammation. Inflammation has 4 cardinal signs –Redness –Pain –Heat –Swelling

Prostaglandins Produced by injured or damaged cells Vasodiolation Vasopermability Chemotaxis for leukocytes Pain

Bradykinnin Found in blood plasma Vasodiolation Vasopermability Smooth muscle contraction Pain

Histamine Primarily produced by mass cells Vasodiolation Vasopermability Constriction of smooth muscles Induction of neutrophil receptors on Blood vessel walls Increase in mucus production

Phagocytosis 1.Adherence of antigen to long evaginations called pseudopodia 2.Ingestion of bacterium forms a phagosome inside the phagocyte. 3.A lysosme moves toward the phagosome. 4.Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome forms a phagolysosome. 5.Lysosomal enzymes are released into the phagosome to digest ingested material.

Phagocytosis 6.Formation of Residual body containing indigestible material 7.Discharge of Waste material

Lysosome Contents Hydrogen Peroxide Oxygen free radicals Lysozyme

Fever As phagocytes ingest bacteria they release a cytokine called Interleukin 1 (IL-1) into the tissue. IL-1 is transferred by the blood to the hypothalamus IL-1 induces the hypothalamus to produce and secrete prostaglandin. In an autocrine reaction, the prostaglandin binds to the surface of the hypothalamus and signals the hypothalamus to increase body temperature.

Fever (Cont) Body thermostat is reset in the hypothalamus which result in the following. –Causes blood vessels to constrict –Induces shivering –Increases metabolism Fever has the following effects on the body. –Increases the number of circulating Leukocytes. –Increases the production of Interferons inside cells –Inhibits microbial growth –Increases bodies ability to heal

Fever (Cont) Chill: –is a sign of body temperature rising. –the skin is cold and clammy because of constriction of the blood vessels –Shivering occurs Crisis –Is a sign that body temperature is falling –Vasodiolation heats skin –sweating

Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acid blocks the manufacture of prostaglandins Decrease body temperature caused by fever Decreases pain Anti-inflammatory