Animal Strategies I. Body Organization A. Complexity

From Cells to Tissues to Organs to Systems

B. Tissues

a. Epitheliumb. Connective Figure 40.5

c. Muscled. Nervous Figure 40.5

e. Embryonic Figure 47.1

Developmental stages of an Echinoderm Figure 47.7

Differentiation yields endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm from the inner cell mass. Figure 47.16

C. Systems

Which body systems are involved in movement? Skeletal, Muscular, and Articular Which body systems are involved in homeostasis? Circulatory, Integumentary, Urinary, Nervous, and Endocrine Which body systems are involved in energy capture? Digestion and Respiratory Which body systems are involved in regulation? Nervous and Endocrine

Which body systems are involved in reproduction? Reproductive, Nervous, and Endocrine Which body systems are involved in protection? Circulatory, Integumentary, Nervous, and Endocrine What are the body systems seen in animals? Integumentary, Skeletal, Articular, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Circulatory, Excretory, Digestive, Respiratory, and Reproductive

II. Body Plan A. Traditional View

Based on Embryonic and Anatomic evidence a. Evidence Metamorphosis Remodeling Figure 32.2 Figure 32.4

b. Grades - 35 animal clades based on tissues present Figure & 11

b. Grades - 35 animal clades based on body symmetry Figure 32.7

b. Grades - 35 animal clades based on body cavities Figure 32.8

b. Grades - 35 animal clades based on development patterns Figure 32.9

B. Molecular View

Based on DNA and rRNA evidence? a. Evidence Lophotrochozoavs. Figure 32.13

vs. Ecdyozoa Figure 32.12

b. Comparison of Molecular vs. Traditional views. Figure & 11

III. Animal Phyla A. Invertebrates

Parazoans = Phylum Porifera Sessile adults, suspension feeders, hermaphroditic, and special cells called choanocytes and amebocytes

Figure 33.4

Radiata = Phylum Cnidarians Cnidocytes and Nematocysts

Radiata = Phylum CtenophoraComb jellies

Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa = Phylum Platyhelminthes Flat worms Figure Figure 33.12

Phylum Nemertea Proboscis or Ribbon worms with complete digestive tract and closed circulatory system. Figure 33.15

Phylum Mollusca Figure Figure 33.20

Phylum Mollusca Figure 33.18

Phylum Mollusca Figure 33.22

Phylum Annelida Figure & 25

Protostomia : Ecdysozoa = Phylum Nematoda Roundworms = moist habitat; non-segmented, short tapered ends, a cuticle exoskeleton, pseudocoelomic, and sexual Figure Figure 33.27

Phylum Arthropoda Figure 33.31

Phylum Arthropoda Figure 33.33

Phylum Arthropoda Figure 33.36

Phylum Arthropoda Figure 33.38

Phylum EchinodermataRadial yet segmented Figure 33.40

Phylum Echinodermata

B. Vertebrates

Deuterostomia = Phylum Chordata Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, & Post anal Tail Invertebrate Chordates = tunicates and lancelets Figure 34.4

Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, & Post Anal Tail and lancelets Figure 34.5

Chordates  gnathostomes (jaw less) = Myxini, Figure 34.9 Figure Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, & Post Anal Tail

Chordates  (jawed) Chondrichthyes, Figure 34.15

Chordates  Osteichthyes, & Figure 34.18

Chordates  & Amphibia (in and out, tetrapod) Figure 34.21

Chordates  Amniotes = Reptilia & Figure 34.27

Chordates  Amniotes = & Aves Figure 34.30

Chordates  MammaliaCharacteristics?= Monotremes

Chordates  Mammalia= Marsupials Figure 34.34

Chordates  Mammalia= Eutherians (Placentals) Figure 34.35

Diligence is the key.