Revolutions 1/25/10 http://students.resa.net/milewski OBJECTIVE: Examine “The Trigger Effect”. I. Administrative Stuff -Attendance II. CONNECTIONS -questions on episode#1 “The Trigger Effect” III. Homework due Friday 1/29/10 1.) Read Chapter#18 section#1 p.456-460 -Answer questions (1-7)* p.460 2.) Read Chapter#18 section#2 p. 461-465 -Answer questions (1-8)* p.465 3.) Read Chapter#18 section#3 p.466-469 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.469 *Pick 4 questions of your choice

Revolutions 1/26/10 http://students.resa.net/milewski OBJECTIVE: Examine Philosophy in the Age of Reason. I. Journal#17 pt.A -Read Chapter out line p.454 -What was the enlightenment? II. Return of Chapter#17 Test III. Journal#17 pt.B -notes on the Enlightenment IV. Homework due Friday 1/29/10 1.) Read Chapter#18 section#1 p.456-460 -Answer questions (1-7)* p.460 2.) Read Chapter#18 section#2 p. 461-465 -Answer questions (1-8)* p.465 3.) Read Chapter#18 section#3 p.466-469 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.469 *Pick 4 questions of your choice

The Enlightenment A movement to shine the light of reason on traditional ideas about government and society. Thinkers fought against superstition, ignorance, intolerance, and tyranny. They promoted goals of social well-being, social justice, and worldly happiness. They rejected divine-right to rule, social hierarchy, and a better life in heaven. http://www.cccs.uq.edu.au/events/libertine/Images/Wilkeslge72dpi-jpeg.jpg

How it started. It grew out of the Scientific Revolution. As human knowledge about the world grew, so did the belief that nothing was out of reach of the human mind. Using the scientific method, reformers set out to combat the problems of society. http://home.nc.rr.com/donaldwood/Newton.gif

Hobbes & Locke In the 1600s, English thinkers Thomas Hobbes & John Locke lived through the English Civil War and concluded different things. Hobbes said people were “naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.” If people were not controlled they would, “fight, rob, & oppress one another.” Life in the state of nature would be brutish & short. http://www.ps.ritsumei.ac.jp/shige2/index/img/hobbes.jpg

Social Contract Hobbes said in order to escape horrific life in the state of nature, humans enter into a social contract. Social contract – an agreement by which people give up the state of nature for an organized society. He believed that ONLY a strong gov’t could ensure an orderly society. He supported the belief in absolute monarchy. http://www.scielosp.org/img/revistas/bwho/v84n11/a21capa.jpg

Natural Rights John Locke was more optimistic about humans. He believed that people were “basically reasonable & moral.” He believed that people had natural rights, “life, liberty, & property.” He argued that people had formed governments to protect their natural rights & that the best gov’t was limited in power and accepted by all. He said that if a gov’t fails to protect people’s natural rights, the people had the right & the duty to over throw that gov’t. http://history2.professorpage.info/John%20Locke%20and%20Thomas%20Hobbes_files/image003.jpg

Montesquieu Baron de Montesquieu, a French guy, studied the governments of Europe. He concluded that the powers of government should be divided into 3 separate & equal branches. In 1748, he published The Spirit of the Laws in which he said: “The best way to protect liberty is to separate power.” http://www.geocities.com/rationalargumentator/Montesquieu.jpg

Voltaire Freedom of Speech – “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend your right to say it until my death.” http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Voltaire.jpg

Rousseau 1762, The Social Contract. He believed that people were basically good, but are corrupted by society. In the perfect world people would make the laws & would also follow them. The general will will be directed towards the common good of the people. He put the good of society first and the individual second. http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/image/Rousseau.gif

Revolutions 1/27/10 http://students.resa.net/milewski OBJECTIVE: Examine the concepts related to taxes. I. Chapter#18 Guided Readings Complete the following activities due today! -Chapter#18 section#1 Guided Reading -Chapter#18 section#2 Guided Reading -Chapter#18 section#3 Guided Reading II. Chapter#18 Homework -Complete homework for Chapter#18

Revolutions 1/28/10 http://students.resa.net/milewski OBJECTIVE: Examine how European rulers reacted to the ideas of the Enlightenment. I. Journal#18 pt.A -Examine the picture on p.461 -Answer the caption question on p.461 II. Journal#18 pt.B -notes on the salon & Britain in the 1700s III. Homework due Tomorrow! 1.) Read Chapter#18 section#1 p.456-460 -Answer questions (1-7)* p.460 2.) Read Chapter#18 section#2 p. 461-465 -Answer questions (1-8)* p.465 3.) Read Chapter#18 section#3 p.466-469 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.469 *Pick 4 questions of your choice

Adam Smith He is the father of Modern Economics He wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776 In it he said that governments need to stay out of the economy as much as possible. laissez-faire

The Invisible Hand People and business operate in their own self-interest. Competition acts like an invisible hand which will allocate resources to ONLY their most productive uses.

Salons Salons – informal social gatherings where writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas. In the 1700s middle class women started holding salons in there homes were the middle class could mingle with the nobility and discuss ideas. http://www.burgmueller.com/SalonsPleyel.JPG

Enlightened Despots Frederick the Great Catherine the Great Joseph II

The Limeys The British believed in mercantilism Mercantilism – a policy by which nations sought to export more than it imported to increase their supply of gold & silver. At the same time the British out paced the Spanish in wealth & empire and the Dutch in terms of trading power they built a constitutional monarchy. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lorrain.seaport.jpg/300px-Lorrain.seaport.jpg

The United Kingdom The 1707 Act of Union between England and Scotland saw the nations' individual Parliaments replaced by the new Parliament of Great Britain. After the 1800 Act of Union with Ireland, the Dublin Parliament was abolished and Irish MPs and Lords were represented in the Westminster Parliament.

Whigs & Tories The growth of political parties occurred in the late 1600s. Tories – conservative – landed aristocrats who sought to preserve older traditions & supported royal authority & the Anglican Church. Whigs – liberals – they supported urban business interests, religious toleration for protestants, and supported Parliament over the crown. The Whigs controlled Parliament for most of the 1700s. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRtooke1.JPG

Cabinet System In 1714, the new King of England wasn’t English, but German. To help King George I, who spoke no English, he relied on the leaders of Parliament to help him run the country. His son, who was also German born also used this system, King George II. This cabinet system gained official status. The head of the Cabinet is the Prime Minister. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/a/a4/262px-KING_GEORGE_II.jpg

Parliamentary System http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/process/house/guide/images/system-e.jpg

Parliamentary System By the 14th century two distinct Houses, the Commons and the Lords, had developed. The Commons involved representatives from counties, towns and cities, The Lords consisted of members of the nobility and clergy.

King George III In 1760, King George III begins his 60 year reign. He was born in England, unlike dad and grandpa. He spoke English & loved Britain. He was eager to recover powers lost by the crown and end Whig domination, chose his own ministers, and dissolve the cabinet system. Cabinet rule was restored in 1788 following the loss of the American colonies. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=82425&rendTypeId=4

Revolutions 1/29/10 http://students.resa.net/milewski OBJECTIVE: Examine the American Revolution. I. Journal#19 pt.A -Examine the map on p.472 -Answer the map questions on p.472 II. Journal#19 pt.B -notes on the Birth of the United States III. Homework due Thursday 2/4/10 1.) Read Chapter#18 section#4 p.470-473 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.473 2.) Chapter#18 Review *Pick 4 questions of your choice NOTICE: Chapter#18 Test Thursday!

The Seven Years War After the French & Indian War the colonists were taxed by Parliament for the cost of the war. The colonists were unhappy with this. Laws passed long before were enforced & new tax laws were passed. http://www.hist-sdc.com/fiw/images/cover.jpg

Boston Massacre In 1770, British soldiers in Boston open fired on a crowd throwing rocks & snowballs at them. In 1773, some colonists dressed up like Indians and threw tea in Boston Harbor. Parliament passed harsh laws to punish Massachusetts. The other 12 colonies took the side of those in Massachusetts. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/0/09/350px-Boston_Massacre.jpg

War Begins In 1775, the shot heard round the world was the start of the revolution. On July 4, 1776, Congress sent a letter to King George III that basically said forget you we are independent. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lexington_Minute_Man_relief_(Basha_Paeff)_-_Lexington,_MA.JPG/800px-Lexington_Minute_Man_relief_(Basha_Paeff)_-_Lexington,_MA.JPG

Battle of Saratoga The turning point in the war was when the American forces defeated the British at the Battle of Saratoga. This victory convinced the French to join the war on the side of the colonists. http://artfiles.art.com/images/-/Fauvel/The-Surrender-of-General-John-Burgoyne-at-the-Battle-of-Saratoga-7th-October-1777-Giclee-Print-C12637774.jpeg

Treaty of Paris In 1781, with the help of the French (yes, the French were a world power at one point), Washington forced the surrender of the British at Yorktown. Two years later, American, French, and British signed the Treaty of Paris that officially ended the war. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg

Articles of Confederation The national document set up to run the country was too weak to govern the nation effectively. In 1787, the nations leaders met in Philadelphia and wrote the Constitution. This broad frame work incorporated the enlightenment ideas and has allowed for flexibility for the last 200 years. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/constitution-day/images/constitution-01.gif

The Constitution It was the most liberal form of government when it became law in 1789. An elected representative body consisting of two houses was created to make laws. An executive was created that was elected as opposed to being heredity. These two parts, plus the judicial branch were derived from Montesquieu. The federal republic was supreme to the state governments. Later the first ten amendments were added, also known as the Bill of Rights it guaranteed citizens basic rights (Free speech, free press, trial by jury, and private property).