WTWThe Age of Reason WEWEnlightenment thinkers were known as philosophes WBWBelieved in supremacy of human reason

WLWLogic and Reason WCWChallenged Royal and Church Authority WEWEnd of the “Old Regime”

The achievements of the scientific revolution reveal the ability of the human mind to penetrate the secrets of the physical universe

The thinkers of the enlightenment sought to discover NATURAL LAWS “laws that govern human nature”. The Enlightenment began in Paris It was divided into three phases First, reflects a significant influence from the scientific revolution. Second, the High Enlightenment begins with Montesquieu and ends with the death of Voltaire and Rousseau. The third phase, called the late enlightenment, shifts emphasis from human reason to emotion. Discussed new concepts of economy by Adam SmithVOLTAIRE

Enlightened thinkers espoused views that challenged basic educational, historical and governmental tenets Leading thinkers were French, more like critics of the old regime. Felt people should be ruled by laws not by, rulers.

Human progress was constrained by social and political institutions If we could find laws to govern the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws. Laws that govern human nature The enlightenment is where we get the ideas: People should be ruled by laws Separation of powers Rulers need to take care of the Rulers need to take care of the people

In 1600’s the English Civil War gave enlightened thinkers much to discuss During this period two English Philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes set forth Ideas that are key to the enlightenment Living in England afforded them to see very different thoughts about man and nature And the purpose and nature of government.

English Political Thinker Believed that all people are essentially selfish People are only motivated by their own desires

Without Government society is in a constant state of war Everyone must give up their rights to a government

Hobbes witnesses Civil Wars of 1640’s Hobbes wanted to support the royal cause, BUT not on mystical grounds. Man is driven by desire and constrained by reason. The absence of power to overawe them creates a situation of every man vs. every man.

Believed that people were naturally cruel, mean and selfish. If people were not strictly controlled they would rob fight and oppress each other. Life is a state of nature Life without laws or controls People enter into a social contract or agreement by which they gave up their state of nature for an organized society.

The only help for this problem, of the state of nature, is the idea of enlightened self-preservation. A social contract by which people turn over all power to the central government Hobbes did not want tyranny, but a moderate kingship with lots of individual latitude.

Thomas Hobbes writes a book called “Leviathan” In this Hobbes maintained the sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract. The power of the Ruler is absolute BUT, kings do not hold their power by divine right. He continues to say that “only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. Such a government could impose order and obedience. Felt that men would obey the laws only as long as they felt protected. Hobbes justifies absolute power while dispelling the idea on divine right.

WEWEnglish Political Thinker WBWBelieved people are born: WFWFree WEWEqual WGWGood WOWOptimistic View of the Nature of Man

WIn a State of Nature man is in a State of War WNatural Rights: WLife WLiberty WProperty

ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY READ OF THE ENLIGHTENED THINKERS LOCKE DEFENDED THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION. LOCKE ARGUE’S THAT EVERY HUMAN BEING’S MIND IS A BLANK PAGE, AND ALL KNOWLEDGE COMES FROM EXPERIENCE. LOCKE DID NOT BELIEVE IN THE VIEW THAT PEOPLE WERE BORN WITH THE TENDENCY TO SUBMIT TO AUTHORITY

LOCKE PUBLISHES HIS IDEAS ON POLITICAL THOUGHT IN IT IS CALLED “TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT” IT REFLECTS THE NEW POLITICAL CONDITIONS CONFRONTING THE ENGLISH IN THE 1660’S LOCKE WAS MORE OPTIMISTIC ABOUT THE POSSIBILITIES OF MANKIND THAN HOBBES. HE STILL HAD RESERVATIONS HE WROTE ABOUT A STATE OF NATURE THAT MIGHT BE PEACEFUL BUT, WITHOUT IMPARTIAL JUDGES AND WITH THE THREAT OF CONSTANT WARFARE THE STATE OF NATURE WAS AT LEAST INCONVENIENT AND WORST A DISASTER

LOCKE STATED THAT PEOPLE COME TOGETHER IN A SOCIAL CONTRACT BY MUTUAL CONSENT THEY CREATE A GOVERNMENT TO PROTECT THEIR NATURAL RIGHTS TO LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT IS DERIVED FROM THE CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED.

WHEN A GOVERNMENT FAILS TO PROTECT THE PEOPLE’S NATURAL RIGHTS AND INSTEAD INTERFERE’S WITH THEM BY ATTEMPTING TO RULE ABSOLUTELY, THE PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO REBEL AS THEY HAD DONE DURING THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION THE POWER OF THE GOVERNMENT IS STRICTLY CONDITIONAL CENTRAL JOB OF THE GOVERNMENT IS TO PROTECT MAN’S PROPERTY LOCKE FEELS THAT A PERSON MUST NOT BE DEPRIVED OF PROPERTY WITHOUT CONSENT AND MUST LIVE UNDER DUE PROCESS OF THE LAW LOCKE SUPPORTED THE CREATION OF A CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT THAT PLACED LIMITS ON A RULER’S AUTHORITY.

WRole of Government WTo make laws WTo enforce laws WLaws should: WBenefit the people WProtect the Rights of the people WIf Gov’t fails to perform - people have the right to overthrow it.

WHWHis ideas were used to create: WDWDeclaration of Independence WUWUS Constitution WFWFrench Constitution of 1791

WFWFrench Aristocrat Wanted to establish a constitutional Monarchy in France Wrote the book - The Spirit of the Laws in 1748

WSWSeparation of Powers - 3 Branches of Gov’t WEWExecutive WLWLegislative WJWJudicial WCWChecks and Balances WeWeach checks the power of the other WPWPower shouldn’t rest in on person

WBWBourgeouis - French WLWLived in exile in Great Britain Wrote Letters on the English WpWpraised tolerance in both and religion

WCWCivil Liberties - Ecrasez l’infame (crush infamy) WrWrid of repression, fanaticism and bigotry WRWReligious Freedom

W“W“I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” WFWFreedom of Speech WFWFreedom of Expression

WLWLower-class origin WNWNew theory of education WcWchildren must develop naturally and spontaneously WlWlearn by direct experience

WTWThe General Will W“W“man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” WSWSocial Contract WpWpeople entered into a social among themselves WsWsurrender all their rights to the community

WGWGeneral Will WtWthe will of the majority WGWGovernment is a necessary evil WiWif it does not carry out the General will the people can overthrow it WPWPopular Sovereignty WuWultimate sovereignty resides in the people

WHighly Educated WEditor of The Encyclopedia Wvirtually all important French philosophes contributed

WArticles attacked Old Regime abuses Wreligious intolerance Wunjust taxation Wgovernmental absolutism

WFWFather of Modern Economics WBWBelieved in Capitalism WTWThe Invisible Hand WCWCompetition will regulate the economy WlWlaissez-faire policy WNWNo Government intervention WHWHands-off

Women played an important role WRWRich women held gatherings in their drawing rooms, or salons Writers, musicians, painters, and philosophes exchanged ideas