Compromise of 1877: AKA the Hayes-Tilden deal America has to deal with Southern redemption Republicans controlled the electoral commission, and gave election to Hayes. To avoid conflict, North/Republicans offer to withdraw federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina. Freedmen are abandoned for Northern political interests This creates home rule ▫What is Home Rule? Who did it favor, Democrats or Republicans? IMPORTANT RESULT: RECONSTRUCTION OFFICIALLY OVER

Chapter 16 Section 3 Segregation and Discrimination Objectives: 1.Trace the development of legal discrimination against African Americans in the South and their struggle against it. 2.Summarize turn-of-the-century race relations in the North as well as the South.

The Fight Against Discrimination Towards the turn of the Century the failures of reconstruction became obvious ▫Voting restrictions (Literacy tests, poll taxes)  The Grandfather clause The Supreme Court did not overturn these laws (US v. Reese 1876) ▫Why? LITERACY TESTS Reading test given to African Americans to prevent them from voting -Often asked more difficult questions -Sometimes the tests were in foreign languages! POLL TAXESAnnual tax that had to be paid to access the voting booth. GRANDFATHER CLAUSE Was able to vote if he or his grandfather could vote before Jan., 1867.

Reconstruction fades….. 14 th Amendment: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.” ▫Only protects rights as citizens of the U.S., most basic civil rights were obtained through citizenship of the state. ▫Supreme Court says this does not give the Fed. Govt. the right to punish whites who oppress blacks 15 th Amendment: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” ▫Supreme Court says it does not “confer the right to vote upon anyone” but merely lists grounds on which states cannot deny suffrage. Why are these interpretations SO important to African Americans in the South?

Jim Crow Southern States passed “Jim Crow” laws to separate white and black people in both public and private spaces….Segregation ▫Schools, parks, hospitals, transportation etc… Plessy V. Ferguson ▫“Separate but Equal” is not in violation of 14 th Amendment

Living with “Jim Crow” laws

Second class status Informal etiquette as well ▫Sidewalks, hats, handshake Not following these rules could lead to loss of employment, beatings or worse Lynching ( ,500 people lynched, burned or shot)

W.E.B. DuBois Demanded full social and economic equality “Persistent manly agitation is the way to liberty” Booker T. Washington Gradual approach Emphasized economic opportunity Ida B. Wells Teacher and editor Fought against racial violence by writing, lecturing, and organizing for civil rights Moved from Memphis to the North to escape the violence

Discrimination in the West MEXICANSCHINESE Performed manual labor in the Southwest ▫Mining, agriculture, irrigation projects, railroads Often forced into debt peonage Immigration jumped 7K to 100,000 K from Many were successful in business and whites were becoming afraid Forced into segregated neighborhoods and schools Chinese Exclusion Act

TERMS Ida B. Wells Literacy test Poll tax Grandfather clause Jim Crow laws Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson Debt peonage Objectives: 1.Trace the development of legal discrimination against African Americans in the South and their struggle against it. 2.Summarize turn-of-the- century race relations in the North as well as the South.