Scribal Errors: Can the Bible be Trusted? A Textual Critical Perspective Presented by Clinton Baldwin 7/23/05

x The History of the New Testament Text An Overview

The Revelations of God Nature: Psa 19:1 Human beings/relationships: Isa 49:15 Personal Experience: Acts 17:27,28 The written word: 2Tim 3:16 The living word: Jesus Christ: John 1:18

Jesus: the Greatest Revelation of God Jesus is the greatest revelation of God to humanity: Heb 1:1-3 He is the only perfect revelation of God All other revelations point to Jesus and are meant to glorify Him: John 5:39-40 We should be careful not to attribute to the other revelations that which was meant to be attributed to Jesus.

The History of the NT Text 1. The Christ event 4BC - AD30 2. Oral tradition of the Christ event: AD30 – The written accounts: The Pauline Letters: 1Thess - AD 49 The Gospels : 60’s The Johannine Writings 93/95

Some Sources of Gospel Materials (Intro) The gospel writers pulled from different sources. Q, Matthew and Luke M: Matthew L : Luke Mark : Mathew and Luke Note: A similar phenomenon with Ellen White

The History of the New Testament Text : An Overview The Bible was written in different ancient languages The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew and Aramaic The New Testament: in Greek

The History of the NT Text : An Overview No autograph of the New Testament is extant What we have are copies of copies of copies They were first copied on papyrus, then on vellum or parchment First on scrolls, then in codices, i.e., book form The form of writing were first all capital letters – uncials, later cursive - minuscules (9 th Cen)

The History of the New Testament Text (cont’d) Currently, there are approximately 5,664 mss of the Greek NT No two mss are exactly alike Why? They were copied by hand under various circumstances Thus thousand of errors:Approximatley 300,000

Origen ( AD) “…It is a recognized fact that there are much diversity in our copies, whether by the carelessness of certain scribes, or by some culpable rashness in the correction of the text, or by some people making arbitrary additions or omissions in their corrections.” Selections from the Commentaries and Homilies of Origen, trans.by R. B. Tollinton (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1929)

Types of Errors 1. Eye sight: Homoeoteleuton: the scribe skips from one letter or word to the same letter or word farther down the page. 1 …… autos ek tou 2 kosmos ………. 3 … … … autos ek tou 4 ponhrou ……………. John 17:15 : I do not pray that you should [take them from the world, but that you should] keep them from the evil one

Types of Errors (cont’d) Metathesis: – Changing the order of letters or words. Example: –Mark 14:65, eλαβον (received), for εβαλον (struck). –“kai. oi` u`phre,tai r`api,smasin auvto.n e;labonÅ and the guards receive him with blows.”

Types of Errors (cont’d) Of Hearing: Iticism: e.g. ει for οι or o for w Romans 5:1 ecwmen for ecomen Therefore having been justified by faith let us have ecwmen peace with God…. instead of we have peace ecomen with God 1 Cor 16:54 vneikos (conflict) for nikos (victory) death is swallowed up in “conflict,” instead of death is swallowed up in “victory”

Types of Errors (cont’d) W rong division of words: in 1Timothy 3:16, some manuscripts read ομολογουμεν ως μεγα “we acknowledge how great,” for ομολογουμενως μεγα “confessedly great.” Error of Judgment: sometimes a copyist made a judgment call as to whether or not a glossary in the margin of his text ought to be included in the main body of the text The troubling of the water: John 5:3-4

Troubling of the Water John 5:3,4 3b … waiting for the moving of the water, 4 For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool and troubled the water: whoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatever disease he had.

Types of Errors (cont’d) Haplography : –writing of a letter or word once when it should have been written twice. Example: 1Thessalonians 2:7; εγενηθημεν hπιοι (“we became gentle,”) for εγενηθημεν νhπιοι, “we became infants.” Dittography : The writing of a letter or word twice instead of once. Example: Mark 12:27; o θεος θεος for θεος

x Errors due to Diverse Theological opinions –Marcion –Anti-Judaic –As a result of these errors there emerged 1000’s of divergent and convergent mss

Codex Bezae (D-05)= 4 th cen Mark 2:26 …. which is not lawful to eat except only for the priests The same day seeing someone working on the Sabbath, he said to him, ‘man if indeed you know what you are doing then you are blessed. But if you do not know then you are accursed and a transgressor of the law.’

1John 5:7,8 The father, the word and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness on earth. Erasmus (1516 AD) –1. Monk, (Froy or Roy) copied from Latin vulgate about 1520 AD Only eight late Greek mss. 61, (16 th ) 88 ( 12 th ), 110 ( 16 th ), 221 (10 th ), 429 (16 th ) 636 ( 16 th ), 918 (16 th ) 2318 (18 th )

Correct rendering As Found in , A, B, y, 33, 81, 323,et al. For there are three that bear record, the spirit and the water and the blood and these three agree in one.

Codex Bezae (D) & Brixianus (f) Mark 10:11, 12 Whoever divorces his wife and marries another commits adultery against her; and if a woman goes out from her husband and marries another, she commits adultery.

Better rendering As found in: , B Whoever divorces his wife and marries another, commits adultery against her, and if she divorces her husband and marries another she commits adultery.

Woman Caught in Adultery: John 7:53-8:11 First appeared in the 9 th Cen. Appeared in different places: –after John 7:52 ( D & Byzantine text) –after John 7:36 (225 ) –after John 21:25 (f1) –after Luke 21:38 (f13) –after Luke 24: 53 (1353) –Many different renderings –omitted by earliest mss e.g., P 66, P 75, , B,

Miscellaneous There are six different endings to Mark’s gospel The benediction of the Lord’s prayer

Text-types Eventually manuscripts in certain localities began to have similar patterns of errors Text-types = The largest identifiable group of manuscripts

Text- Types Western Alexandrian Byzantine Caesarean ?

Text-Types Western : North Africa, Italy, and S. France Alexandrian: Alexandria, Egypt Byzantine : Byzantine Empire (80% of all mss) Caesarean ? : Probably originate in Caesarea or Egypt

Dates/Characteristics Western : 2 nd Cen. Alexandrian :late 3 rd early 4 th Cen. Byzantine : 4 th – 9 th Cen. Caesarean ? Characteristic of Text-types Western : Paraphrase, harmonizations, assimilation Alexandrian: Shorter more difficult, non-harmonious readings Byzantine: Smoother, easier, more harmonious, more straight-forward readings

Determining the “Original”or the Earliest Original The shorter reading The harder reading The older reading The more widespread reading The reading from the better mss The reading more in keeping with the author’s style The reading that explains the rise of the other reading, and which cannot itself be explained by the other readings

Choosing a Translation Those done by a committee, e.g., RSV, NIV, NARSB, etc., ‘Avoid’ individual translations, e.g., The Living Bible, The Clear Word. The KJV not the best for in-depth bible study

KJV-Brief Background 1) Erasmus: ( AD) i) The first printed text to be published, that of Erasmus in 1516 AD ii) Based on 4 or 5 – 12 th century mss, has readings found in no Greek ms iii) His only ms of Revelation lacked the last six verses therefore he translated it from the Vulgate iv) 1John 5: 7, 8 - the Trinitarian text v) Acts 9:6 “And he Trembling and astonished said, Lord what wilt thou have me to do.” found in no Greek manuscripts (Assimilation to Act 22:10).

Background (cont’d) 2) Robert Stephanus i) 1550 based on Erasmus’ edition ii) Became the standard text of England iii) First to divide the Bible into chapters and verses (i.e., 3 rd edition,1551) iv) Basis for the KJV of 1611

Background (cont’d) 3) Theodore Beza i) 1565 – 1604 published nine editions, based on Erasmus ii) , and editions also used as by KJV translators 4) Abraham Elzevir & Bonaventure (1633) i) “You therefore have the text which is now received by all in which we give nothing altered or corrupted ” ii) The Received text or Textus Receptus -- TR iii) TR reigned for 200 years until 1881

Background (cont’d) The KJV is based on these editions which are all based on the Byzantine text. The Byzantine text is the poorest of all the text-types.

Background (cont’d) Is a comparatively late text, 350 AD Conflate readings: combinations of readings of the earlier text types Inability of their readings to explain the other readings Tend to smooth out difficult passages

Discoveries of Ancient Manuscripts Oxyrhynchus Papyri : Egypt a) Discovered by Grenfell & Hunt in 1897 b) Dated AD c) 36 New Testament Papyri d) The Shepherd of Hermas e) The Didache f) The Gospel of Thomas h) The Acts of Paul i)The Acts of Peter j) The Acts of John k) The Gospel of Mary

Oxyrhynchus Papyri : 1897 Chester Beatty Papyri, 1931 :P 45, P 46, P 47

The Chester Beatty Papyri Discovered in 1931 Eight OT mss Three NT mss i.e., P 45, P 46, P 47 Enoch These mss were purchased by Chester Beatty from a Cairo dealer in 1931

The Dead Sea Scrolls Founded in 1947 at Qumran in the Dead Sea region Portions of 200 scrolls in 11 caves These finds were mainly of OT books Date from 200 BC

The Bodmer Papyri Found in 1952 at Jabal Abu Mana –Egypt Purchased by Martin Bodmer, in 1950 & 60’s from a Cairo dealer Manuscripts include P 66, P 72, P 75 Date: 200 AD

Implications A determination of what is written must precede interpretation of what is written The original languages must be considered Consult various Modern Translations

Implications Jesus said: “And I will ask the father and He will give you another counselor to be with you forever- the Spirit of truth … and when comes he will convict the world of guilt in regard to sin and righteousness and judgment.” John 14:15;16:8 The Christian’s guide is more than a book, it is a person. God has not only given us a road map- the Bible, He has also given us a personal guide- Jesus/the Holy Spirit. The Bible points to Jesus, John 5:39-40

x The End

Gregory Number In 1908 Casper Rene Gregory developed a system of recording the Greek mss. Papyri : P ---- P 1 ; P 2 ; P 3 – P 98 etc Uncials with an initial a = 01, A = 02; B= 03 etc. Minuscules : 1, 2, 3 etc. Lectionaries : l --- l 1 l 2; l 3 etc.

Rated Value of Readings : UBS4 {A} == The Reading is certain {B} == Almost Certain {C} == Not as certain as B, enclosed [ ] {D} == Great difficulty at arriving at a decision