Respiratory Anatomy

Anatomical Planes Superior Coronal Sagittal Transverse Inferior Lateral Posterior Anterior Inferior

Anatomical Planes Superior Transverse Coronal Sagittal Lateral Medial Inferior Anterior Posterior

Respiratory System Respiration: exchange of gas between an organism & its environment. Inspiration: Inhalation; drawing air into the lungs Expiration: The expulsion of air from the lungs Alveoli: Minute air sacs within the lung tissue

Airway Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Larynx Lungs Diaphragm

Respiratory System Which is true of the lung when stretched out? Size of your fist. Size of a tennis court Size of a kitchen table Does blood circulate in the lung? Why or Why not? How does the rate of ventilation change with- Exercising? Quiet breathing? Speech?

Respiratory System What does the respiratory system do? sustain life speech secondary source of all pressures and flows What is included in the respiratory system used for speech? Rib cage Diaphragm Abdomen Contents of RC & AB

Support of Respiration Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton -Upper & Lower Extremities -Trunk & head

Anterior Skeleton

Support of Respiration Bony Thorax Vertebrae & Vertebral Column Pectoral Girdle Ribs & Attachments to Vertebral Column scapula & clavicle Sternum Pelvic Girdle ischium pubic bone sacrum ilium

Vertebral Column C1-C7 Cervical Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae T1-T12 L1-L5 Lumbar Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx

Vertebral Column 33 segments of bone Many fossa & protuberances Form depending on location, attachments & pathway

Vertebral Column Lateral Anterior Posterior

Pelvic Girdle Illiac Crest Ilium Sacrum Pubic Pubic Bone Symphysis 1. Part of pelvic girdle 2. Anatomical Landmarks near pelvic girdle Illiac Crest Ilium Sacrum Pubic Bone Pubic Symphysis Ischium Coccyx

Pelvic Girdle Vertebral column attaches Lower extremity attachment Provides distribution of force Made up of: ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, ischium ilium-large, wing-like sacrum- five fused vertebrae

Pectoral Girdle Clavicle Sternum Scapula * Pectoral girdle includes only the scapula & clavicle

Pectoral Girdle Shoulder girdle- Support upper extremities clavicle (collarbone): superior sternum to scapula scapula: wing-like; attachment only at clavicle Equal distribution of force A-Frame support

Ribs & Ribcage True Ribs (1-7) False Ribs (8,9,10) Thorax Sternum Costal Cartilage Floating Ribs (11,12)

Ribs & Rib Cage Thorax: 12 pair of ribs Rib Components: Rib Cage: Head (articulating surface) Neck Angle (curve) Shaft (largest; anterior) Rib Cage: provides attachments (muscles) muscles provide: Strength, rigidity, continuity, & mobility

Ribs Three general classes: Characteristics: True ribs- upper ribs (1-7), attach to sternum, cartilaginous attachment False ribs- (8,9,10), attach to sternum via cartilage running superior Floating ribs- (11,12), articulate with vertebral column only. Characteristics: cartilage (chondral) attachment can be torqued strength and movement

Thoracic Expansion Anteroposterior Vertical Transverse

Thoracic Expansion Lungs must first be inflated creates a partial vacuum chest wall expands (3 dimensions): vertical expansion: lowering the diaphragm lateral & anteroposterior expansion: raising the rib cage

Lateral/ Anteroposterior Thoracic Expansion

Diaphragm Aponeurosis Muscle Expanded Relaxed

Diaphragm Flat sheet of muscle and tendon (aponeurosis) Shaped like an inverted bowl Rim muscles contract flattening the dome on each side (vertical expansion) Pulls up on the lower ribs moving them outward Movement increases thoracic volume during inspiration

Diaphragm/ Abdominal Movement Wall Pelvis Pelvis Inhalation Exhalation

Diaphragm/Abdominal Movmt. To build exhalatory pressure the lungs are squeezed by lowering the rib cage and pushing the diaphragm upward with abdominal force. Overview to understand how respiratory pressure for speech is controlled: We now have to understand how the RC is raised and lowered and how the diaphragm is pulled down and pushed up and how the lungs inflate & deflate.

Respiratory System: Components Chest Wall Rib Cage Mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominal Wall Viscera Pulmonary System Alveolar Air Sacs Right Bronchus Left Bronchus Trachea

Chest Wall/ Pulmonary System Respiratory pump consists of the chest wall & within it the pulmonary system. Chest wall: rib cage, diaphragm, abdominal wall, abdominal viscera, muscles of chest wall and abdomen. Pulmonary system: lungs (3 right, 2 left), network of tubes (conducting airways) leading from trachea to alveolar air sacs (like upside down trees),

Relative Sizes of: C. Lungs Without B. Rib Cage with A. Rib Cage Rib cage Attached A. Rib Cage Without Lungs attached B. Rib Cage with Lungs Attached Partial Vacuum

Pulmonary System Trachea: Flexible tube 11 cm in length, 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings Rings are 2 to 2.5 cm in diameter (smooth muscle) Divides at Carina Trachea & becomes mainstream bronchi (bronchial tubes) Serve right and left lung

Pulmonary System (cont.) Bronchi: Divisions: main stem , secondary (lobar), tertiary (segmental) 28 generations of bronchial tree (first 9-”Dead Space”) trachea-mainstream bronchi-lobar bronchi-branchings to terminal respiratory bronchioles 1 (trachea), 2 (mainstem bronchi), 5 (lobar); 19 (segmental); 38 (subsegmental)... Final 7 divisions: respiratory zones- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveoli

Bronchi Structure Trachea Mainstem Bronchi Carina Alveoli

Pulmonary System (cont.) Alveoli: End of terminal bronchiole small-1/4 mm in diameter (5 alveoli in 1 mm) 300 million in adult lung lined with single layer of epithelial cells each covered with over 2,000 capillaries (6 trillion in all) Lining= Type 1 cells (pneumocytes); Type 2 (Cuboidal)

Alveoli/ Capillary Bed To Heart Alveoli From Heart Terminal Bronchiole Capillary Bed Alveolar Duct Alveolus

Readings Seikel: Ch. 3 (pgs. 35-76) Dickson: Ch. 3 (pgs. 59-84)