H.I.V. Dr Azam Mushtaq MBBS, DTCD, FCPS Assistant professor Chest Deptt Nishtar Hospitial Multan.

WHAT IS HIV?? “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” A unique type of virus (a retrovirus) Invades the helper T cells (CD4 cells) in the body of the host (defense mechanism of a person) Threatening a global epidemic. Preventable, managable but not curable.

OTHER NAMES FOR HIV Former names of the virus include: Human T cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-III) Lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV)

WHAT IS AIDS ??? “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome” HIV is the virus that causes AIDS Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection due to markedly reduced helper T cells. Patients have a very weak immune system (defense mechanism) Patients predisposed to multiple opportunistic infections leading to death.

AIDS (definition) Opportunistic infections and malignancies that rarely occur in the absence of severe immunodeficiency (eg, Pneumocystis pneumonia, central nervous system lymphoma). Persons with positive HIV serology who have ever had a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL or a CD4 lymphocyte percentage below 14% are considered to have AIDS.

“The viral genome” Icosahedral (20 sided), enveloped virus of the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses. Retroviruses transcribe RNA to DNA. Two viral strands of RNA found in core surrounded by protein outer coat. Outer envelope contains a lipid matrix within which specific viral glycoproteins are imbedded. These knob-like structures responsible for binding to target cell.

Modes of HIV/AIDS Transmission

Through Bodily Fluids Blood products Semen Vaginal fluids

IntraVenous Drug Abuse Sharing Needles Without sterilization Increases the chances of contracting HIV Unsterilized blades

Through Sex Unprotected Intercourse Oral Anal

Mother-to-Baby Before Birth During Birth

Myths about transmission

NATURAL COURSE OF HIV/AIDS

Stage 1 - Primary Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to six weeks after infection Mild symptoms Infected person can infect other people

Stage 2 - Asymptomatic Lasts for an average of ten years This stage is free from symptoms There may be swollen glands The level of HIV in the blood drops to low levels HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood

Stage 3 - Symptomatic The immune system deteriorates Opportunistic infections and cancers start to appear.

Stage 4 - HIV  AIDS The immune system weakens too much as CD4 cells decrease in number.

Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDS CD4<500 Bacterial infections Tuberculosis (TB) Herpes Simplex Herpes Zoster Vaginal candidiasis Hairy leukoplakia Kaposi’s sarcoma

Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDS CD4<200 Pneumocystic carinii Toxoplasmosis Cryptococcosis Coccidiodomycosis Cryptosporiosis Non hodgkin’s lymphoma

CD4 <50 Disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection Histoplasmosis CMV retinitis CNS lymphoma Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy HIV dementia

TB & HIV CO-INFECTION TB is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV and the first cause of mortality in HIV infected patients (10-30%) 10 million patients co-infected in the world. Immunosuppression induced by HIV modifies the clinical presentation of TB : Subnormal clinical and roentgen presentation High rate of MDR/XDR High rate of treatment failure and relapse (5% vs < 1% in HIV)

Testing Options for HIV

Anonymous Testing No name is used Unique identifying number Results issued only to test recipient 23659874515 Anonymous

Blood Detection Tests HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Screening test for HIV Sensitivity > 99.9% Western blot Confirmatory test Speicificity > 99.9% (when combined with ELIZA) HIV rapid antibody test Simple to perform Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count Predictor of HIV progression Risk of opportunistic infections and AIDS when <200 HIV viral load tests Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infection Correlates with disease progression and response to HAART

Urine Testing Urine Western Blot As sensitive as testing blood Safe way to screen for HIV Can cause false positives in certain people at high risk for HIV

Oral Testing Orasure The only FDA approved HIV antibody. As accurate as blood testing Draws blood-derived fluids from the gum tissue. NOT A SALIVA TEST!

Treatment Options

HAART = highly active anti-retroviral treatment

Antiretroviral Drugs (HAART) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors AZT (Zidovudine) Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitors Viramune (Nevirapine) Protease inhibitors Norvir (Ritonavir)

EFFECTIVENESS OF HAART IN REDUCING MORTALITY

HEALTH CARE FOLLOW UP OF HIV INFECTED PATIENTS For all HIV-infected individuals:     CD4 counts every 3–6 months    Viral load tests every 3–6 months and 1 month following a change in therapy    PPD    INH for those with positive PPD and normal chest radiograph    RPR or VDRL for syphilis   Toxoplasma IgG serology    CMV IgG serology    Pneumococcal vaccine    Influenza vaccine in season    Hepatitis B vaccine for those who are HBsAb-negative    Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination     Papanicolaou smears every 6 months for women

For HIV-infected individuals with CD4 < 200 cells/mcL: Pneumocystis jiroveci1 prophylaxis   For HIV-infected individuals with CD4 < 75 cells/mcL:     Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis   For HIV-infected individuals with CD4 < 50 cells/mcL:     Consider CMV prophylaxis

PRIMARY PREVENTION: Five ways to protect yourself? Abstinence Monogamous Relationship Protected Sex Sterile needles New shaving/cutting blades

Abstinence It is the most effective method of not acquiring HIV/AIDS. Refraining from unprotected sex: oral, anal, or vaginal. Refraining from intravenous drug use

Monogamous relationship A mutually monogamous (only one sex partner) relationship with a person who is not infected with HIV HIV testing before intercourse is necessary to prove your partner is not infected

Protected Sex Use condoms every time you have sex Always use latex or polyurethane condom (not a natural skin condom) Always use a latex barrier during oral sex

When Using A Condom Remember To: Make sure the package is not expired Make sure to check the package for damages Do not open the package with your teeth for risk of tearing Never use the condom more than once Use water-based rather than oil-based condoms

GLOBAL ESTIMATES 2008

ESCALATING EPIDEMIC !!! Source: WHO/UNAIDS/UN The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2009, p.32 and WHO.

HIV PREVALENCE IN VARIOUS REGIONS Sub-Saharan Africa South/South-East Asia 42% Latin America Eurasia North America East Asia Western Europe North Africa/Middle East Total = 39.4 million Caribbean < Oceania Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2004.

NEWLY INFECTED CASES OF HIV IN VARIOUS REGIONS 63% Total = 4.9 million Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2004

ESTIMATED HIV BURDEN IN PAKISTAN 0.1% of the adult population in Pakistan Total Population (2008) = 180,800,000 People living with HIV/AIDS (2008) = 96,000 Women (aged 15+) with HIV/AIDS (2008) = 27,000 Children with HIV/AIDS (2008) = nd Adult HIV prevalence(%) (2008) = 0.1% AIDS deaths (2008) = 5,100 According to UNAIDS estimates, some 70,000 to 80,000 persons, or 0.1 percent of the adult population in Pakistan, are infected with HIV. Officially reported cases are, however, much lower. Until September 2004, only some 300 cases of full-blown AIDS and another 2300 cases of HIV infection were reported to the National AIDS Control Program.  As in many countries, underreporting is due mainly to the social stigma attached to the infection, limited surveillance and voluntary counseling and testing systems, as well as the lack of knowledge among the general population and health practitioners. Until recently, Pakistan was classified as a low-prevalence country with many risk factors that could lead to the rapid development of an epidemic. However, recent evidence indicates that the situation is changing rapidly.

ESCALATING EPIDEMIC OF HIV IN HIGH RISK GROUPS IN PAKISTAN In 2004, a concentrated outbreak of HIV was found among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) in Karachi, where over 20 percent of those tested were found to be infected. High levels of HIV infection - 4 percent - were also found among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the city. The infection rate among Hijras was 2 percent. Nonetheless, HIV prevalence among other high risk groups in Karachi and all vulnerable populations in Lahore is still low - below 1 percent. The findings underline the risk of an escalating epidemic. They point to the presence of significant risk factors such as the very low use of condoms among vulnerable populations including female sex workers (FSW), MSMs, truckers, and Hijras, as well as the low use of sterile syringes among IDUs. They also reveal an alarmingly high prevalence of syphilis among Hijras - 60 percent in Karachi and 33 percent in Lahore - which increases the risk of HIV infection. 

POTENTIAL THREATS IN PAKISTAN 100,000 commercial sex workers with poor safe sex awareness in three major cities Estimated 60,000 iv drug users in pakistan (1 in 5 infected with HIV) 38,000 homosexuals reported in lahore in 2002 40% of 1.5 million annual blood donors not screened for HIV 20% of blood transfusions come from professional donors with high prevalence of infectious diseases Significantly large number of migrants and refugees. There are serious risk factors that put Pakistan in danger of facing a rapid spread of the epidemic if immediate and vigorous action is not taken:   Outbreaks Among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs): The number of drug dependents in Pakistan is currently estimated to be about 500,000, of whom an estimated 60,000 inject drugs. An outbreak of HIV was discovered among injecting drug users in Larkana, Sindh, where, out of 170 people tested, more than 20 were found HIV positive. In Karachi, a 2004 survey of Sexually Transmitted Infections among high risk groups found that more than one in five IDUs was infected with HIV. These represent the first documented epidemics of HIV in well-defined vulnerable populations in Pakistan. They serve as confirmation of the threat that HIV poses to Pakistan and validate the premise of the country’s recent Enhanced HIV/AIDS Program. HIV Infection Among Men who have Sex with men (MSM): Lahore had an estimated 38,000 MSM in 2002.  The MSM community is heterogeneous and includes Hijras (biological males who are usually fully castrated), Zenanas (transvestites who usually dress as women) and masseurs.  Many sell sex and have multiple sexual partners.  The 2004 STI survey found that 4 percent of MSMs in Karachi were infected with HIV, as were 2 percent of the Hijras in the city.  Syphillis rates were also high with 38 percent of MSMs and 60 percent of Hijras in Karachi infected with the disease.  Unsafe Practices among Commercial Sex Workers (CSW): Commercial sex is prevalent in major cities and on truck routes. Behavioral and mapping studies in three large cities found a CSW population of 100,000 with limited understanding of safe sexual practices. Furthermore, sex workers often lack the power to negotiate safe sex or seek treatment for STIs. Recent findings indicate that although HIV prevalence remains below 1 percent, female sex workers (FSWs) and their clients report low condom use.  Less than half the FSWs in Lahore and about a quarter in Karachi had used condoms with their last regular client. Inadequate Blood Transfusion Screening and High Level of Professional Donors:  It is estimated that 40 percent of the 1.5 million annual blood transfusions in Pakistan are not screened for HIV. In 1998, the AIDS Surveillance Center in Karachi conducted a study of professional blood donors—people who are typically very poor, often drug users, who give blood for money. The study found that 20 percent were infected with Hepatitis C, 10 percent with Hepatitis B, and 1 percent with HIV. About 20 percent of the blood transfused comes from professional donors. Large Numbers of Migrants and Refugees: Large numbers of workers leave their villages to seek work in larger cities, in the armed forces, or on industrial sites. A significant number (around 4 million) are employed overseas. Away from their homes for extended periods of time, they become exposed to unprotected sex and are at risk for HIV/AIDS. Unsafe Medical Injection Practices: Pakistan has a high rate of medical injections - around 4.5 per capita per year. Studies indicate that 94 percent of injections are administered with used injection equipment. Use of unsterilized needles at medical facilities is also widespread. According to WHO estimates, unsafe injections account for 62 percent of Hepatitis B, 84 percent of Hepatitis C, and 3 percent of new HIV cases. Low Levels of Literacy and Education: Efforts to increase awareness about HIV among the general population are hampered by low literacy levels and cultural influences. In 2001, the illiteracy rate of Pakistani women over 15 years old was 71 percent. Vulnerability Due to Social and Economic Disadvantages: Restrictions on women's and girls’ mobility limits access to information and preventive and support services. Young people are vulnerable to influence by peers, unemployment frustrations, and the availability of drugs. In addition, some groups of young men are especially vulnerable due to the sexual services they provide, notably in the transport sector. Both men and women from impoverished households may be forced into the sex industry for income.

UNDER-REPORTING Until September 2004, only 300 cases of full-blown AIDS and another 2300 cases of HIV infection were reported to the National AIDS Control Program. The reasons for under reporting are: Social stigma attached to the infection, Limited surveillance Voluntary counseling and testing systems Lack of knowledge among the general population and health practitioners.

NATIONAL RESPONSE TO HIV/AIDS Pakistan’s Federal Ministry of Health initiated a National AIDS Prevention and Control Program (NACP) in 1987 In its early stages, the program was focused on diagnosis of cases that came to hospitals, but progressively began to shift toward a community focus The government has indicated in the recent scaling up of its response to HIV/AIDS, more needs to be done. NATIONAL RESPONSE TO HIV/AIDS Government. Pakistan’s Federal Ministry of Health initiated a National AIDS Prevention and Control Program (NACP) in 1987. In its early stages, the program was focused on diagnosis of cases that came to hospitals, but progressively began to shift toward a community focus. Its objectives are the prevention of HIV transmission, safe blood transfusions, reduction of STI transmission, establishment of surveillance, training of health staff, research and behavioral studies, and development of program management. The NACP has been included as part of the government's general health program, with support from various external donors.   As the government has indicated in the recent scaling up of its response to HIV/AIDS, more needs to be done. A special focus on reducing the exposure of high-risk groups is urgently required. Improving skills, building capacities, strengthening advocacy, and increasing participation is needed not only in the area of health, but in several sectors, including education, labor, law and order, etc. In early 2001, the Government of Pakistan, through a broad consultative process, developed a national HIV/AIDS Strategic Framework that sets out the strategies and priorities for effective control of the epidemic.

NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 54 NGOs are involved in HIV/AIDS public awareness and in the care and support of persons living with HIV/AIDS. Also working on education and prevention interventions targeting sex workers, truck drivers, and other high-risk groups. But reaching less than 5 percent of the vulnerable population. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). At least 54 NGOs are involved in HIV/AIDS public awareness and in the care and support of persons living with HIV/AIDS. These NGOs also work on education and prevention interventions targeting sex workers, truck drivers, and other high-risk groups. NGOs serve as members of the Provincial HIV/AIDS Consortium, which has been set up in all four of Pakistan’s provinces to coordinate HIV/AIDS prevention and control activities. Although NGOs are active in HIV/AIDS prevention activities, it is believed that they are reaching less than 5 percent of the vulnerable population.   Donors. UNAIDS has established a Theme Group and a Technical Working Group on HIV/AIDS to coordinate the response of United Nations Agencies and to provide assistance to the government in the strategic development of activities. The theme group includes UNAIDS, WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNDP, UNDCP, UNESCO, ILO, the World Bank, national and provincial program managers, and representatives of nongovernmental organizations.

WORLD BANK RESPONSE Largest financer of HIV/AIDS program in Pakistan Providing 37.1 million US dollars Enhanced program is making encouraging progress with expansion of coverage. WORLD BANK RESPONSE The World Bank is the largest financer of HIV/AIDS programs in Pakistan. It has assisted the government’s HIV/AIDS efforts through funding the second Social Action Program (1998-2003). The World Bank is working with the government and other development partners (CIDA, DFID, USAID, UN Agencies) to support the government’s program through the HIV/AIDS Prevention Project. The Bank is providing US$37.1 million, 75 percent of which is a no-interest credit and 25 percent of which is grant money. This project will help scale up existing activities, ensuring that the program focuses on interventions that will do the most to interrupt transmission of HIV and make sure that interventions take full advantage of international experience to date.   The implementation of the enhanced program is making encouraging progress with expansion of coverage of intravenous drugs users program in Punjab; awarding service delivery contracts for sex workers and jail inmates in Sindh and Punjab; and commencement of development of second-generation surveillance system. Significant implementation challenges remain, including addressing basic administrative and financial management; slow progress in awarding next phase of service delivery contracts, and building capacity at provincial level. An important emerging concern is the limited in-country capacity for scaling up interventions for high risk populations and the urgent need for technical assistance to contracted NGOs, particularly for programs with MSMs and CSWs.

WHAT WE CAN DO?? UNAIDS Outcome Framework 2009–2011: nine priority areas We can reduce sexual transmission of HIV. We can prevent mothers from dying and babies from becoming infected with HIV. We can ensure that people living with HIV receive treatment. We can prevent people living with HIV from dying of tuberculosis. We can protect drug users from becoming infected with HIV. We can remove punitive laws, policies, practices, stigma and discrimination that block effective responses to AIDS. We can stop violence against women and girls. We can empower young people to protect themselves from HIV. We can enhance social protection for people affected by HIV. Vulnerable and High-risk Groups: -Expand knowledge, access, and coverage of vulnerable populations—particularly in large cities—to a package of high impact services, through combined efforts of the government and NGOs. -Implement harm-reduction initiatives for IDUs and safe sex practices for CSWs. -Make effective and affordable STD services available for high-risk groups and the general population.   General Awareness and Behavioral Change: -Undertake behavioral change communications with the following behavioral objectives: (i) use of condoms with non-regular sexual partners; (ii) use of STI treatment services when symptoms are present and knowledge of the link between STIs and HIV; (iii) use of sterile syringes for all injections; (iv) reduction in the number of injections received; (v) voluntary blood donation (particularly among the age group 18 to 30); (vi) use of blood for transfusion only if it has been screened for HIV; and (vii) display of tolerant and caring behaviors towards people living with HIV/AIDS and members of vulnerable populations. -Increase interventions among youth, police, soldiers, and migrant laborers. Blood and Blood Product Safety: -Ensure mandatory screening of blood and blood products in the public and private sectors for all major blood-borne infections. -Conduct education campaigns to promote voluntary blood donation -Develop Quality Assurance Systems for public and private blood banks to ensure that all blood is properly screened for HIV and Hepatitis B. Surveillance and Research: -Strengthen and expand the surveillance and monitoring system. -Implement a second-generation HIV surveillance that tracks sero-prevalence and changes in HIV-related behaviors, including the spread of STIs and HIV, sexual attitudes and behaviors, and healthcare-seeking behaviors related to STIs. Building Management Capacity -Continue to build management capacity within provincial programs and local NGOs to ensure evidence-based program implementation. -Identify gaps in existing programs and continue phased expansion of interventions.

LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS