Foster & Foster 0 SEPTEMBER 7, 2014 LOUISIANA ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC RETIREMENT SYSTEMS Actuarial Standards and Required Disclosure Shelley R. Johnson, ASA, MAAA

Foster & Foster 1  Public pension plan funding has received increased national attention in the past few years as a result of the recent recession and the emerging focus on financial economics in the pension community  Result has been an influx of committees, panels, studies, formal recommendations regarding public pension plan funding  Less obvious to Boards are the changes affecting actuaries hired to value plan liabilities and assets and determine contribution requirements Spotlight on Public Pension Funding

Foster & Foster 2  ASB issues Actuarial Standards of Practice (ASOPs) to provide guidance to actuaries when performing professional services  ASOPs identify what the actuary should consider, document, and disclose when performing an actuarial assignment  Our Code of Conduct requires us to follow guidance in ASOPs, or be prepared to justify use of other procedures  There are currently 47 ASOPs, many of which are specific to actuarial services regarding pension plans Actuarial Standards Board (ASB)

Foster & Foster 3 ASOP #4: Measuring Pension Obligations and Determining Pension Plan Costs or Contributions (revised effective 12/31/2014) Key changes:  Modifications to language pertaining to disclosure of funded status  Disclosure of rationale for changes in cost or contribution allocation procedure (such as actuarial cost method or asset valuation method)  Qualitative description of the implications of the current funding policy on future contributions and funded status Actuarial Standards Board (ASB) Recent ASOP Changes

Foster & Foster 4 ASOP #4: Measuring Pension Obligations and Determining Pension Plan Costs or Contributions (revised effective 12/31/2014) Key changes (continued):  Prescribed assumptions or methods o Previously required the actuary to state if a prescribed assumption/method was unreasonable unless set by law o Revised to specify prescribed assumption method set by law is NOT deemed to be prescribed if the plan sponsor set the law (now must opine if actuary believes law requires unreasonable assumption/method) Actuarial Standards Board (ASB) Recent ASOP Changes

Foster & Foster 5 ASOP #4: Measuring Pension Obligations and Determining Pension Plan Costs or Contributions (revised effective 12/31/2014) Key changes (continued):  For plan provisions that are difficult to measure (e.g. gain-sharing funding of benefit increases), the actuary should consider using alternative valuation procedures and must disclose a description of methods used so that another actuary could make a reasonable appraisal of the reasonableness of the actuary’s work. Actuarial Standards Board (ASB) Recent ASOP Changes

Foster & Foster 6 ASOP #27: Selection of Economic Assumptions for Measuring Pension Obligations (revised effective 9/30/2014) Key Changes  Guidance regarding reasonability of an economic assumption has been changed from the “best-estimate” standard  Incorporates changes made in ASOP #4 (regarding provisions that are difficult to measure and assumptions/methods prescribed by law)  Requires disclosure of rationale used in selecting each non- prescribed assumption Actuarial Standards Board (ASB) Recent ASOP Changes

Foster & Foster 7 ASOP #35 Selection of Demographic and Other Noneconomic Assumptions for Measuring Pension Obligations Key Changes  Consider likelihood and extent of mortality improvement in the future  If choose not to project mortality improvement, must disclose it was intentionally not projected Actuarial Standards Board (ASB) Recent ASOP Changes

Foster & Foster 8 Future trends in mortality improvement is currently the subject of extensive study/debate Expect possible changes to ASOP in the future Some pushing for required use of generational vs. static tables, which are significantly more complicated May add administrative cost without providing corresponding improvement in results Mortality Improvement

Foster & Foster 9  Beginning a comprehensive review of the ASOPs as they pertain to public plan actuarial valuations  Currently soliciting the views various parties interested in the application of the ASOPs to public plan actuarial valuations (comments due in November)  Asking questions such as: –Should current ASOPS be revised to provide additional guidance (beyond recent revisions) regarding appropriate public plan actuarial valuation practice and advice regarding funding levels? –In general, the ASOPs are principles based and not rules based, therefore are generally not highly prescriptive. Should the ASOPs related to public plan actuarial valuations be more prescriptive? If so, in what areas? Actuarial Standards Board Recent Request for Comments Regarding Potential Future Changes to ASOPs

Foster & Foster 10  The current definition within ASOPs of an “intended user” of an actuarial communication is “any person who the actuary identifies as able to rely on the actuarial findings” (very broad)  Should the ASOPs require actuaries for public pension plans to perform additional, significant work (which would be incorporated in the guidance provided in the ASOPs) that is not requested by the principal if that work provides useful information to individuals who are not intended users? If so, should this requirement be extended to all pension practice areas? (emphasis added) Actuarial Standards Board Recent Request for Comments Regarding Potential Future Changes to ASOPs

Foster & Foster 11 The American Academy of Actuaries (AAA) - Feb 2014 Issue Brief on Public Plan Funding Society of Actuaries (SOA) - Feb 2014: Report of the Blue Ribbon Panel on Public Pension Plan Funding The Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA) - Mar 2013 Core Elements of a Funding Policy The Conference of Consulting Actuaries (CCA) - Feb 2014 Actuarial Funding Policies and Practices for Public Pension and OPEB Plans (Discussion Draft) Recent Publications

Foster & Foster 12 The reports have similar focus, which we can generally agree on:  Funding adequacy/Benefit security  Intergenerational Equity  Cost Stability Devil is in the details:  Recommended disclosures To be clear: Disclosure is not bad if you have nothing to hide  Concern here is excess information can be confusing to many users  Administrative expense, particularly for smaller plans Recent Publications

Foster & Foster 13 Questions?

Gary S. Curran, FCA, MAAA, ASA, EA CONSULTING ACTUARY G. S. Curran & Company, LTD N. Glenstone Place Baton Rouge, LA (225)

Actuarial Science: Marriage of WITH Probability & Statistics Finance & Economics

Fundamental Concept: Actuarial Present Value Value today of an amount to be paid in the future.

Financial Present Value: You must pay $1, years from now. If you can invest and earn 7.2% interest, You would only need $500 today. $500 compounded annually for % interest = $1,000

Financial Present Value:

The Financial Present Value of $1,000 in % is $500. Financial Present Value:

Actuarial Present Value: Actuarial Present Value is similar to Financial Present Value, but it uses large groups and probability to produce a more realistic cost of a liability. Ex: If you owe money to a large number of people at some point in the future, it is likely that not all of the people will survive to the time that the benefit is to be paid out.

Suppose we have 100 people (age 60), and we wish to pay each of them $1,000 in 10 years if they survive. Now, suppose that the probability of surviving from age 60 to 70 is 90%. Actuarial Present Value:

What is the Actuarial Present Value of $1,000 to be paid to the 100 people if they survive from age 60 to 70? Actuarial Present Value:

If we were to pay all 100 people, we would need: 100 X 500 = $50,000 But, we only need to pay 90% since only 90% of the group will survive. Actuarial Present Value:

Therefore, the Actuarial Present Value of $1,000 payable to 100 people currently age 60 who survive to age 70 is: Actuarial Present Value:

Note: the $45,000 will grow to $90,000 in 10 years, and of the original 100 people, only 90 will be alive at age 70, so we have $1,000 for each survivor. Actuarial Present Value:

The Actuarial Present Value of benefits for the pension plan is the sum of all of the actuarial present values of all of the possible benefits to be paid to every member of the plan. Actuarial Present Value for a Pension Plan Actuarial Present Value for a Pension Plan

Actuarial Present Value for a Pension Plan Actuarial Present Value for a Pension Plan  Retirement Benefit  Disability Benefit  Survivor Benefit  Vested Benefit  Refunded Benefit Included Expenses (i.e., benefits):

Actuarial Present Value for a Pension Plan Actuarial Present Value for a Pension Plan  Employee Contributions  Employer Contributions Included Income:

Actuarial Present Value for a Pension Plan Actuarial Present Value for a Pension Plan Actuarial Present Value of Future Benefits = Assets + Actuarial Present Value of Future Contributions Equation of Balance:

Actuarial Present Value of Future Benefits Actuarial Present Value of Future Benefits Actuarial Value of Assets Present Value of Future Employee Contributions Present Value of Future Employer Contributions Unfunded Accrued Liability

Employer Cost Current Amortization Payment Future Payments Current Normal Cost Future Normal Costs