Cancarb April 15, 2017

Thermax® Thermal Carbon Black Thermax® vs. Furnace Black Overview Thermax® Thermal Carbon Black Thermax® vs. Furnace Black The Thermax Advantage Natural Rubber Nitrile Rubbers Hydrogenated Nitrile Polychloroprene Fluoroelastomers NBR/PVC Blends Ethylene Propylene Rubbers Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubbers – CSM Butyl and Halobutyl Rubbers Questions & Answers Cancarb April 15, 2017

Thermax® Carbon black can be broadly defined as very fine particle aggregates of carbon, possessing an amorphous quasi-graphitic molecular structure The most significant areas of distinction between thermal black and furnace black are particle size and structure Thermax®, thermal carbon black, due to its higher particle size (280 nm) and lower structure, compared to even the most coarse furnace black, can be translated into excellent rubber compound properties Cancarb April 15, 2017

Thermax® vs. Furnace Black Grades Particle Size Diameter How many particles in a gram? Write down the number 50, now add 12 zeros to that number. N110 (15nm) N762 (80nm) N990 (280nm) Cancarb April 15, 2017

Thermax® vs. Furnace Black Grades Low Structure Moderate Structure High Structure Higher structure blacks, when mixed into rubber compounds will yield a harder, less pliable finished product while lower structure blacks will yield a softer, more pliable finished product. Chain like Grape like clusters Loosely agglomerated N990 N762 N550 Cancarb April 15, 2017

The Carbon Black Spectrum INCREASING STRUCTURE OAN (DBP) ABSORPTION (ml/100g) NITROGEN SURFACE AREA (m2/g) DECREASING PARTICLE SIZE Cancarb April 15, 2017

Influence of Carbon Black on Properties Rubber Property As Particle size Increases As Structure Decreases Mixing temp. Dispersion Viscosity Green Strength Extrusion Quality Scorch Safety Cancarb April 15, 2017

Influence of Carbon Black on Properties Rubber Property As Particle size Increases As Structure Decreases Tensile Elongation Hardness Tear resistance Compression set Heat build up Abrasion resistance Resilience Cancarb April 15, 2017

The Thermax® Advantage The properties of Thermax® can be translated into rubber compounds with: Lower heat build-up, especially during extrusion, which is very important for halogen bearing rubbers and high hardness compounds Low hysteresis loss in dynamic applications, for example; automotive engine mounts Reduced volume swell in aggressive fluids Reduced cost Low compound viscosity which is essential for injection molded and sponge compounds Cancarb April 15, 2017

Natural Rubber Structure Natural Rubber (NR) Natural Rubber Structure CH3 Natural rubber is polyisoprene There are four possible isomers of natural rubber  – CH2 – C = CH – CH2 – cis–1,4 Isomer 1,4 structure means that ‘C’ atoms 1 and 4 are joined in forming the chain In the cis-1,4 structure both carbon atoms 1,4 forming the chain are on the same side of the double bond -CH2 CH2- CH3 H C=C Cancarb April 15, 2017

Natural Rubber (NR) Natural Rubber has outstanding mechanical properties and fatigue resistance making it a very popular choice in dynamic applications Natural rubber consists of polymer chains all having almost 100% perfect cis–1,4 structure. The true chemical name for this polymer is in fact, cis-1,4-polyisoprene When the units in a macromolecule all consist of the same molecule, the polymer is said to be stereo regular Cancarb April 15, 2017

Properties of Natural Rubber (NR) Crystallizes on stretching, resulting in: high gum tensile strength high tensile strength/elongation @ break very high tear strength & hot tear resistance excellent De Mattia cut growth resistance Gives a glass transition temp (Tg) of approximately -75°C Has high resilience Has excellent tack & green strength properties Imparts low damping (hysteresis) and low heat build-up in dynamic deformation Is unsaturated (double bonds), resulting in poor resistance to: Heat aging Ozone Oils and hydrocarbons Cancarb April 15, 2017

Applications of Natural Rubber Common Applications of Natural Rubber are: Truck tire tread (Tear, hot tear, low heat build-up) Passenger radial (Flexibility, low heat build-up) Anti-vibration (Dynamic deformation) Conveyor belting (High mechanical properties, tear) Adhesive tapes and solutions (Tack) Cancarb April 15, 2017

The Thermax® Advantage in Natural Rubber Compounds Thermax® maintains the inherent good dynamic properties of the natural rubber polymer The best choice for anti-vibration applications Thermax® lowers compound hardness while retaining the good tack properties inherent to natural rubber Excellent for cushion gum compounds In wiper blade applications, higher loadings of Thermax® lower the rubber content of the compound which is essential for low noise and a good surface finish. Cancarb April 15, 2017

NR Compound Example Using Thermax® Natural Rubber Engine Mount SMR 100 100 Zinc Oxide 3 3 Stearic acid 1 1 A.O. TMQ 1.5 1.5 N 762 15 15 Thermax N990 45 70 Aromatic Oil 15 15 CBS 3 3 TMTD 0.5 0.5 Sulfur 0.5 0.5 Cure time @ 160°C 11‘ 11‘ Hardness 43 49 Tensile strength 206 178 Elongation @ Break % 535 480 Dynamic testing at 20 Hz Tan Delta at 25°C 0.084 0.027 Cancarb April 15, 2017

( ) + Nitrile Rubber (NBR) Nitrile Structure butadiene acrylonitrile - CH2 - CH = CH - CH2 - - CH2 - CH - CN Polymer Unit ( ) - (CH2 - CH = CH - CH2)n - CN CH2 - CH m - Cancarb April 15, 2017

Nitrile Rubber (NBR) Nitrile rubbers are high molecular weight copolymers of 1,3-butadiene and acrylonitrile The percentage of acrylonitrile content can be varied from 18% to 50%, and will influence the performance characteristics of the polymer The great variation in acrylonitrile content possible with nitrile rubber, allows for compounds to be customized to highlight specific required properties Cancarb April 15, 2017

Nitrile Rubber – Effect of Acrylonitrile Content Heat – aging resistance Abrasion resistance Tensile Stiffness Thermoplasticity Compatibility with polar polymers Oil/fuel resistance Cure rate – Sulphur Cure System Processability Density Increases As ACN Increases Air/gas permeability Low temperature flexibility Cure rate – peroxide system Resilience Decreases Cancarb April 15, 2017

Nitrile Rubber – Effect of Mooney Modulus Green strength Mill shrinkage Sheet formation time on mill Mixing temp Acceptance of fillers/plasticizers Incorporation time of fillers Increases As Mooney Increases Decreases Compression set Porosity Cancarb April 15, 2017

Properties of Nitrile Rubbers Has very good oil and fuel resistance Can perform over a wide temperature range Has inherently good resistance to gas permeation which increases as the level of acrylonitrile increases Can be blended, up to 50%, with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to produce compounds that exhibit good weathering characteristics in addition to good dynamic properties Can be co-polymerized with methacrylic or acrylic acid to produce carboxylated nitrile (XNBR), which is noted for its excellent dynamic properties and abrasion resistance Cancarb April 15, 2017

Applications of Nitrile (NBR) Common Applications of Nitrile Rubber are: Gaskets and seals – NBR, XNBR (for high hardness) Hoses – NBR (mainly in tubes), NBR/PVC (mainly in covers) Belting – NBR Rollers – NBR, XNBR (for high hardness) Cable Jackets – NBR/PVC Textile (spinning cots/aprons) – NBR, NBR/PVC, XNBR Industrial footwear – NBR, NBR/XNBR blend, NBR/PVC sponge Insulation – NBR/PVC sponge Molded/extruded components for various industries & automotive Fabric proofing – NBR Milking inflation - NBR Cancarb April 15, 2017 Fabric proofing – Protective coatings (NBR)

The Thermax® Advantage in NBR Compound Applications Higher loadings are achievable with Thermax®, which reduces the rubber content enabling for lower swell in aggressive fluids Gaskets and seals Thermax® promotes good extrusion properties and low heat development, avoiding potential scorch problems. This is critical for high hardness compounds Hydraulic hose tubing Thermax® maintains the desired hardness of a compound while lowering the viscosity for effective blowing NBR/PVC Sponge Insulation, hoses and soles Cancarb April 15, 2017

> > Nitrile Compound Example Using Thermax® Hydraulic Hose (Broad Temperature Range) Nitrile Rubber 100 (33-34% ACN, 75-80 Mooney) ZnO 5 St. acid 1 Processing Additive 2 A.O. Aminox 2 (DPA + Acetone reaction product) A.O. ZMBI 2 (Zn Salt of 2 – Mercaptobenzimidazole) N550 50 Suitable blend for good processing, N990 50 vulcanizate properties and good heat ageing Paraplex G-25 10 KP 140 10 Sulfasan R 1 CBS 3 TMTD 3 Cure @ 166° 15' SH / TS / EB 70 / 152 / 270 Vol. swell % 19 (ASTM Oil 3 / 70h 135°C) Blending with Thermax N990 helps improve scorch safety during extrusion due to lower heat development. Higher filler loading improves over all extrusion properties and sealing with end couplings > > Blend of polyester and phosphate plasticizers for resistance to heat extraction and low temperature cracking 23 Cancarb April 15, 2017 23

Hydrogenated NBR (HNBR) Hydrogenated nitrile rubber is based on NBR that has been chemically altered (hydrogenated), resulting in a much lower amount of unsaturation in the polymer backbone. HNBR exhibits significantly improved heat resistance, compared to NBR, while retaining excellent oil and fuel resistance. HNBR Range % Hydrogenation % ACN content Mooney (ML 1+4 @ 100°C)   ~ 85 to 99+ 17 to 50 50 to 150 24 Cancarb April 15, 2017 24

Comparison with NBR for 50 phr FEF compound-Peroxide cured HNBR+ 50 phr FEF NBR+ 50 phr FEF 99+ % hydrogenation 38% ACN 38% ACN 55* Mooney 50** Mooney Mooney (ML 1+4 @ 100°C) 43 86 Hardness (Shore A) 68 76 T.S. (M.Pa) 17.5 21.9 EB (%) 390 180 Tear Die C (KN/m) 15 16.7 Comp. Set % (168h/150°C) 18 27 Abrasion (DIN mm3 loss) 145 260 Air Ageing (168h/150°C) Hardness +8 +17 T.S. (%) Nil Brittle EB (%) -30 Brittle The significant improvements in the properties of HNBR over NBR, especially in compression set & heat ageing, bring HNBR very close to specialty rubbers. *ML 1+4@125oC **ML 1+4@100oC 25 Cancarb April 15, 2017 25

Hydrogenated NBR (HNBR) HNBR* ACM FKM VMQ   Tensile 1 3 3 7   Heat Resistance 3 3 1 1 Comp. Set 2 2 1 1 Low Temp 3 5 7 1 Gear Oil 1 1 4 7 ASTM Oil #1 1 3 4 7 Sour Gasoline 2 5 1 7 Rating:1 Best; 7 Worst *99+ % Hydrogenation 26 Cancarb April 15, 2017 26

Timing belts (automotive) – ozone resistance, flexing Applications of HNBR Timing belts (automotive) – ozone resistance, flexing Power steering rotary shaft seals ‘O’ rings Oil well specialties Rollers Air conditioning hoses for cars Cancarb April 15, 2017

The Thermax® Advantage in HNBR Compounds Applications HNBR rubbers have inherently good mechanical properties and do not require a reinforcing black. Thermax® maintains the good mechanical properties of HNBR while lowering the compound viscosity which is essential for easy processing Thermax® does not degrade the excellent compression set of the HNBR polymer Higher loadings are possible with Thermax® resulting in lower polymer content which provides lower oil swell and a significant reduction in the overall compound cost Thermax® allows for extrusion with lower heat build-up giving better scorch safety and further improved impermeability of HNBR Cancarb April 15, 2017

HNBR Compound Example Using Thermax® Low Compression Set HNBR Seal Low Compression Set Seal TORNAC A 38.55 (99.5% saturation) 100 Thermax® N990 50 Plasticizer WB 300* 5 ZnO 5 Stearic acid 1 Trigonox 101-45** 8 TAIC 3 ML 1+4 @ 100°C 70 MS Mooney Scorch at 125°C >25 ‘ Cure time at 180°C 9’ SH/TS/EB 60/146/235 Air aging 150°C / 168H +8/-3/-40% Compression Set 70 h / 150°C 12 Thermax® maintains good low compression viscosity/mold flow, allows for less polymer content, low swell, adequate tensile strength and excellent compression set *Mixture of Aliphatic / Aromatic polyesters ** 2,5 dimethyl – 2,5 bis (tert butyl peroxy) hexane (Akzo). 29 Cancarb April 15, 2017

NBR/PVC Blends Both NBR and PVC are polar which makes them very compatible, typically a 70/30 ratio NBR provides resistance to heat and organic fluids but has poor resistance to weathering and ozone due to unsaturation. PVC provides resistance to weathering, ozone and aliphatic hydrocarbons oils PVC also improves processing, reduced flammability and mechanical properties such as T.S., tears and abrasions 30 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Carboxylated NBR (XNBR) Carboxylated NBR (XNBR) is a terpolymer NBR with acidic organic monomer (typically 1 & 7%) carboxylic acid as a third monomer Reactions of ZnO and Carboxylic Acid result in a matrix with significantly increased mechanical properties, such as higher hardness, abrasion resistance and tear strength Although sacrifice in processing (mill and mould sticking) scorch, resilience and low temperature resistance, product retains the basic properties of NBR (oil & fuel resistance) 31 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Applications Gasket and Seals - mainly NBR, high hardness seals ex/ Mud Pump – XNBR Hoses – NBR mainly in tubes, NBR/PVC bend mainly in cover Beltings Rollers – NBR, XNBR for higher hardness rollers Cable Jackets – NBR/PVC blends Textile – spinning cots/aprons, NBR, NBR/PVC, XNBR Industrial Footwear – NBR, NBR/XNBR blend, NBR/PVC sponge soiling Insulation – NBR/PVC sponge Moulded/extruded components for various industries, automotive Fabric proofing – protective coatings, NBR Milking inflation – NBR, resistance to fat 32 Cancarb April 15, 2017

NBR/PVC Blend Example Using Thermax® Gasohol Resistant Hoses Compound 1 Compound 2 NBR/PVC Blend70/30 100 100 Sulphur 1.5 1.5 ZnO 5 5 St. acid 1.5 1.5 N550 25 30 Thermax® N990 45 60 DOP 23 30 A.O. ODPA 1.5 1.5 P. Wax 3 3 TMTM .5 .5 ML, 1+4@ 100°C 34 34 MS, t5 @125°C 23’ 22’ Cure Time @ 160°C 7.5’ 7.5’ SH/TS/EB 68/143/450 70/131/415 Comp. set 22 h/70°C 27 27 Ageing in M15 test fuel (FAM 85 – Methanol 15), 48h at 23°C Change -18/-59/-60/+47.8v -19/-27/-51/+39v High loading of Thermax® lowers the polymer content allowing for low swell in aggressive fuels, low compression set and good extrusion. 33 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Polychloroprene Structure Polychloroprene (CR) Polychloroprene Structure 2-chlorobutadiene trans-1,4 polychloroprene (88-92 %) -CH2 H CH2 = C – CH = CH2 C=C Cl Cl CH2- Chloroprene (liquid) Similar to trans-1,4 isoprene but, the ‘CH3’ group has been replaced by ‘Cl’ Cancarb April 15, 2017

Polychloroprene (CR) Polychloroprene is often called neoprene. Neoprene is, in fact, the trade name of Dupont Dow Elastomers polychloroprene product line Polychloroprene has a structure similar to that of natural rubber except one of the methyl side groups is replaced by a chlorine atom and it is a trans-oriented molecule Polychloroprene can be sulfur modified or mercaptan modified to provide specific desired properties Cancarb April 15, 2017

Properties of Polychloroprene (CR) Polychloroprene Rubber: Crystallizes on stretching, allowing for: High gum tensile strength; similar to Natural Rubber (NR) Very good fatigue resistance When sulfur modified, will provide: Excellent fatigue resistance Highly resilient compounds High tear resistance When mercaptan modified, will provide: Better raw polymer stability Good resistance to heat Good resistance to compression set Cancarb April 15, 2017

Applications of Polychloroprene Common applications of polychloroprene rubber are: Adhesives – polarity-bonding V-belts – tack and fire resistance Timing belts – tack and fire resistance Bellows – high flexibility Automotive seals Bridge bearing pads – good dynamic properties and ozone resistance Wire and cable – resistance to abrasion, oil, flame and weathering resistance Hose (especially covers) – good weathering resistance Cancarb April 15, 2017

The Thermax® Advantage in Polychloroprene Rubber Compounds Thermax® will not degrade the inherently good mechanical properties of polychloroprene Thermax® lowers the compound viscosity which is essential for lower heat build-up during extrusion and good mold flow Thermax® will maintain the good compression set of the polychloroprene rubber Higher loading of Thermax® is possible resulting in a lower rubber content which decreases oil swell and reduces the compound cost Cancarb April 15, 2017

Polychloroprene Compound Example Using Thermax® Wiper Blade Compound Neoprene WRT 60 SMR CV 60 40 ZnO 5 MgO 4 Stearic acid 2 Thermax® N990 40 SRF 20 Paraffinic Oil 2-3 DPG 0.5 TMTD 0.5 Sulfur 1.0 6 PPD 1.5 TMQ 1.5 MC Wax 2 Hardness 60 High loading of Thermax® reduces the polymer content (cost savings) which helps for low noise and gives a “clean” product & surface finish 39 Cancarb April 15, 2017

- (CF2-CH2)X - (CF-CF2)Y - (CF2-CF2)Z Fluoroelastomers (FKM) Fluoroelastomer Structure - (CF2-CH2)X - (CF-CF2)Y - (CF2-CF2)Z CF3 VF2 Vinylidine Fluoride HFP Hexafluoropropylene TFE Tetrafluoroethylene Cancarb April 15, 2017

Fluoroelastomers - FKM Fluorocarbon elastomers are a very popular choice for difficult sealing applications Fluoroelastomers are created by substituting fluorine for hydrogen on a carbon-based macromolecule Unlike hydrocarbon rubbers, which are non-polar, the presence of fluorine creates polar molecules Fluoroelastomers are expensive and difficult to process due to their relatively high molecular weight Cancarb April 15, 2017

Properties of Fluoroelastomers Can be compounded to provide high heat resistance and thermal stability Have excellent oil & gasoline resistance Have excellent hydrocarbon-based solvent resistance Have very good impermeability Are flame resistant Are resistant to weathering Have excellent compression set resistance Are expensive Tend to have high Mooney viscosities which accelerate heat build-up when mixing Cancarb April 15, 2017

Applications of Fluoroelastomers Common applications of Fluoroelastomers are: Automotive – Valve Stem Seals, Shaft Seals, ‘O’ Rings Aerospace – ‘O’ Rings for Hydraulic, Lubricating and Fuel Systems Oil Field – Packers & Blow-out Preventers Industrial – Expansion Joints in Mines, Gaskets, Valve & Pump Linings Hoses – Fuel Lines, Turbo Chargers, Bio-diesel Cancarb April 15, 2017

The Thermax® Advantage in FKM Compound Applications High loadings of Thermax® will not reduce the excellent compression set and low swell inherent to FKM Excellent for ‘O’ ring and seal applications The higher loading ability of Thermax® improves the impermeability of the compound The best choice for fuel line hose veneer The specific gravity of Thermax® is similar to that of FKM, so higher loading of Thermax allows for the same volume of compound to be produced while using less of the expensive FKM elastomer, without sacrificing the desired compound properties. Overall compound cost reduction Cancarb April 15, 2017

FKM Compound Example Using Thermax® FKM O-ring Compound 1 Compound 2 Dyneon FC 2176 100 100 Maglite D 3 3 Calcium Hydroxide 6 6 SRF 20 - Thermax® N990 - 30 Press cure 10‘@177°C+Post cure 24hrs@260°C Tensile Strength (psi) 2120 1970 Elongation at Break (%) 220 290 Shore A Hardness 80 76 Air Ageing 70 hrs/276°C Tensile Strength (psi) 1695 1405 Elongation at Break (%) 330 295 Shore A Hardness 81 77 Compression set (%) 50 28 - Method B (0.139” O rings) 70 hrs/200°C Thermax® enables higher loading while maintaining adequate original mechanical properties with excellent ageing properties, compression set resistance and low swell 45 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM) Structure CH3 | CH2 = CH2 + CH = CH2 + A Diene Monomer Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomers Used in EPDM DCPD - dicyclopentadiene ENB - ethylidene nobornene VNB - vinyl norbornene Typically, ethylene comprises 45% to 80% of the polymer with the diene making up 2.5% to 12%. 46 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM) Increasing the ethylene content in EPDM provides: Improved cold green strength Excellent theroplasticity which improves extrusion and mold flow characteristics Increased filler and oil loading ability Higher heat resistance Good cured tensile strength properties But: It is responsible for less building tack It is more difficult to mix Mill processing at low temperatures is difficult Compression set and recovery in cold temperatures is poor Flex resistance and elastic recovery are reduced 47 Cancarb April 15, 2017

EPDM – Molecular Weight Distribution EPDM Polymer can be produced with a range of Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD). High molecular weight distribution EPDM provides for: Excellent hot green strength, important for shaping and continuous vulcanization High collapse resistance critical for hollow extruded sections Less porosity in extrudates Excellent physical properties Low compression set Improved resilience Facilitates oil and filler extension which improves the difficult processing characteristics common to high MWD polymers Higher loading of filler for lower cost compounds 48 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM) Increasing the diene content of the polymer provides: Shorter cure times Higher resilience Higher modulus Lower compression set Cure compatibility with unsaturated rubbers 49 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Properties of EPDM EPDM based rubber offers: Excellent weather and ozone resistance Excellent high & low temperature resistance Excellent water and chemical resistance Excellent dielectric properties But, Poor resistance to oils and hydrocarbon solvents Poor adhesion 50 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Applications of EPDM Rubber Automotive industry Extruded Profiles – solid and sponge Hoses – Radiator and Heater Seals and grommets Appliance Industry Washing machine parts – gaskets, elbows and hoses Construction Industry Glass profiles Flooring Membranes Roofing Electrical Industry Low and Medium voltage cabling – cable jackets Chemical Industry Hoses Seals 51 Cancarb April 15, 2017

EPDM Compound Example Using Thermax® Automotive Moulded Sponge Keltan 512 100 ZnO 5 St. Acid 1 Benzoic acid 1 Thermaxx® N990 100 Winnofil S (Coated pptd CaCO3) 35 Sunpar 150 60 Vaselin 10 Rotor/Roll Release TMTD 2 MBTS 2 Sulphur 2 Benzene Sulphohydrazide 3 Benzene 1,3 Disulphohydrazide 3 ML 1+4@100°C 19 Cure time 15’@160 Specific Gravity 0.52 Higher Loading reduces costs. Low compound Mooney helps efficient blowing, gives uniform cell structure 52 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Metallocene EPDM Technology The introduction of EPDM in the world market produced by Metallocene Catalyst Technology has increased the scope for the usage of Thermal Black in these rubbers considerably EPDM produced by Metallocene Catalyst Technology has very high molecular weight compared to traditional EPDM Rubbers produced from solution and suspension polymerization technology EPMD Rubbers with Metallocene Technology are very difficult to process when compounded with furnace blacks alone. Blending Thermax in blend with the furnace black lowers the compound viscosity allowing for easy processing without a negative affect on mechanical properties 53 Cancarb April 15, 2017

The Thermax® Advantage in EPDM Compound Applications High loadings of Thermax® can reduce the compound cost without sacrificing compression set and dynamic properties Thermax reduces the compound viscosity which improves processing, blowing and molding properties The very low grit level of Thermax maintains excellent surface finish and ensures a uniform cell structure in sponge applications. The excellent dispersion of Thermax results in consistent heat transfer throughout the extrusion and uniform cooling 54 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubbers (CSM) Structure - (CH2-CH2)x – (CH2-CH)y – (CH2-CH)z - | Cl SO2 Polyethylene, a low cost plastic, is chemically modified to a cross-linkable rubber, retaining some of the important properties of polyethylene such as chemical resistance and electrical properties This polymer is almost exclusively produced by DuPont Performance Elastomers under the trade name Hypalon®. On May 7th, 2009, DuPont announced that it will cease production of Hypalon® and completely exit the CSM business 55 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Properties and Grades of CSM Excellent resistance to weather, ozone, sunlight, oxidation, alkalies and acids Good resistance to oil and gasoline Good flame resistance, abrasion resistance It is close to polychloroprene in most properties but superior in resistance to acids, alkalies, solvents, Ozone and oxidation with better color stability Grades Depending on the Cl content, range 24% to 43%, ‘S’ content around 1%, varying Mooney Increasing Cl content give oil and flame resistance 56 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Applications of CSM Rubbers Grade Cl content (%) Mooney Viscosity ML 1=4 @ 100°C Hypalon 40/40S 35 56/45 Hoses W & C Rolls Hypalon 45 24 37 Low Temp. Applications Hypalon 48/48S 43 78/62 Excellent oil resistance low permeability to Freon Air Conditioner Hoses 57 Cancarb April 15, 2017

+ Butyl Rubber (IIR) Structure CH3 | CH3 | - CH2 – C - - CH2 – C = CH - CH2 - + | CH3 Isobutylene Isoprene Butyl Rubber is a copolymer of isobutylene and a small amount of Isoprene, typically around 2% Chlorobutyl (CIIR) and bromobutyl (BIIR) rubbers are produced in a similar manner, but with and additional halogenation stage required 58 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Properties of Butyl Rubbers Presence of “bulky” isobutylene groups causes slow movement of the polymer chain which gives butyl rubber excellent impermeability to air, oxygen and water -CH3 groups along the chains interfere with each other, reduce the speed with which the molecules Low unsaturation makes Butyl more resistant to heat ageing and to attacks by acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, ozone, water and steam, than general purpose polymers such as SBR, BR and NR Butyl rubber is very similar in structure to polyisobutylene and has a similar glass transition temperature (Tg) of -70°C Butyl has low resilience and very poor resistance to compression set, oil and hydrocarbon based solvents Low unsaturation slows the compound cure rate and reduces Butyl’s compatibility with the more unsaturated rubbers such as NR, SBR and BR. Even small amount mixed in with these rubbers gives a disastrous effect on compound properties 59 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Halobutyl Rubber Isoprene Halobutyl -CH2-C=CH-CH2- CH3 | (-CH2-C-CH-CH2-) X + (X ) - + CH2 || + (HX) X=Cl or Br Add X2 Minus H Virtually all halogenation takes place at the isoprene portions of the IIR Chains which represent approximately 2.0 mole% of the IIR Co-Polymer Commercial chlorobutyls contain 1.1 to 1.3% weight of chlorine and bromobutyls contain 1.9 to 2.1% weight of Bromine Stearic hindrance of the double bond favors substitution rather than addition, so most of the unsaturation is retained, although it is now largely isomerised 60 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Butyl versus Halobutyl Rubber Butyl rubber Chlorobutyl Bromobutyl Cure reactivity Compatibility with other unsaturated rubbers Tack Cure adhesion with other rubbers Increased cure compatibility reduces the need for stringent precautions against contamination with other unsaturated rubbers Flexibility and resistance to dry heat are almost identical for both Chloro and Bromobutyl rubber 61 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Permeability of Halobutyl Typical Tire Inner Liner Compound Permeablility rates at 65°C Air Moisture 100% NR 8.3 13.3 100% SBR 6.8 11.0 HIIR/NR (60:40) 3.1 3.0 100% HIIR 1.0 1.0 The excellent permeability of Halobutyl rubber makes it a very popular choice for tire inner liners 62 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Applications of Butyl and Halobutyl Rubber Inner tubes for tires (IIR, HIIR) Heat resistant conveyor belts (HIIR) Tire Inner liners (HIIR) Tank linings (HIIR) Side Walls (HIIR) Dampers/bridge bearing pads (IIR/HIIR) Tire curing bladders (HIIR) Adhesives/sealants (cross-linked IIR, HIIR) Steam/Automotive Hoses (HIIR) Pharmaceutical closures (HIIR) 63 Cancarb April 15, 2017

The Thermax® Advantage in IIR & HIIR Compound Applications High loadings of Thermax® can reduce the overall compound cost without a significant loss in compound properties The higher loading ability of Thermax® improves the impermeability of the compound by replacing polymer with impermeable filler Thermax can raise the viscosity of the compound making it easier and less expensive to process Improved adhesion can be achieved with Thermax® which is very important for inner liner and other rubber to rubber bonding applications. 64 Cancarb April 15, 2017

Questions & Answers Cancarb April 15, 2017