CONTAINER HANDLING EQUIPMENT SHIP/SHORE CRANE TUGMASTER/CHASSIS FORK LIFT TRUCK REACH STACKER STRADDLE CARRIER RUBBER TYRED GANTRY (RTG) RAIL MOUNTED GANTRY (RMG) OVERHEAD BRIDGE CRANE (OHBC)

JIB CRANE

CONTAINER CRANE (PORTAINER*) Panamax - Post - Super Post Capacity: 35 - 65 tons Outreach: 35 - 55 mtrs Railgauge: 20 - 30 mtrs Backreach: 15 - 22 mtrs

CONTAINER CRANE Hoist Speed: 50/160 m/min Lift above rail: 25 - 36 mtrs Length: 27 mtrs Productivity: 25 - 35 ctrs/hr Single Hoist - Double Hoist Spreader: Fixed - Telescopic - Twinlift Investment: > $ 5.0 mio

PLUS SHIP’S GANTRY

Double Hoist Crane + Multi Trailer System

GIAIO TAURO

BACK REACH

OVERHEIGHT SPREADER - FIXED

SPREADER

SPREADER

SPREADER

SPREADER

CONTAINER CRANE Containership future development: 8000/10.000/15.000 TEU Now: 6690 TEU Ship: 17 rows across Future: 18/20/22 rows across Port turn around time not to be extended: Mega crane (Supertainer) Ship in a slip (recess dock) - handling both sides

CONTAINER CRANE Mega crane - Supertainer* Capacity: 65 tons Outreach: up to 61 mtrs Railgauge: 30 - 45 mtrs Backreach: 15 - 23 mtrs Hoist Speed: 100/200 m/min

CONTAINER CRANE Lift above rail: 40 mtrs Length: 27 mtrs Productivity: 65 - 85 ctrs/hr

CONTAINER CRANE DOCK Ship in a slip/recess dock ECT - Rotterdam; 1992 FCT - Zeebrugge: 1994 CMTI - Amsterdam: 1998 Not (yet) realised

CONTAINER CRANE DOCK Design: Length: 390 mtrs Width: 55 mtrs Operated by: 5 + 4 = 9 (Super) Post Panamax cranes Total productivity: 300 ctrs/hr

TUGMASTER (TRACTOR) Horizontal Transport Easy (dis)connecting Chassis Easy manoeuvrable Pulling force > 80 tons 4 x 4 Wheel Drive for Ro-Ro’s With Gooseneck -> slavetrailers for Ro-Ro Reversable steering system Investment: $ 100.000

MULTI - TRAILER SYSTEM

TERMINAL CHASSIS Horizontal Transport - Storage specified containers Extremely strong/sturdy construction Guiding devices for easy loading Suitable for 2 x 20’ Two - high ? Investment: $ 10.000

ROAD CHASSIS Brakes - Lights - Regulations Storage: USA Advantage: No additional yardhandling equipment -Easy access for roadtruckers Disadvantage: Extremely area consuming (up to 45 m2/TEU) - Availability of chassis from Container Operator

STRADDLE CARRIER Straddling one container row Stacking 1 over 2/3 Storage: 14/16 m2/TEU Productivity: 10 - 15 ctrs/hr Weight: 55 tons (+container) Wheelloads: 10 tons Investment: $ 0.6 mio

STRADDLE CARRIER Systems: All Straddle Carrier: Transport and Stacking Straddle Carrier/Chassis: Stacking only

STRADDLE CARRIER Advantages: Flexibility - Relatively low wheelloads Disadvantages: Flexibility (Safety) - Long travel distances - Damage sensitivity - Less suitable for automation - (Reliability)

RUBBER TYRED GANTRY Straddling 6 - 8 containers plus trucklane Stacking: 1 over 3/4/5 Storage: 10 - 12 m2/TEU Productivity: 20 - 25 ctrs/hr Weight: >110 tons Wheelloads: up to 40 tons (8 wheels) Investment: $ 1.3 mio

RUBBER TYRED GANTRY Advantages: Ample flexibility (transferable from stack to stack by turning wheels 90 degrees) High productivity: One RTG can match one Ship/shore container crane Reliability - Less sensitive to damage - Suitable for automation - Efficient stacking

RUBBER TYRED GANTRY Disadvantages: High wheelloads ( to be reduced by applying 16 wheels)

RUBBER TYRED GANTRY Automated steering systems: Damage prevention Inductive loop in wheelpath Optical

RUBBER TYRED GANTRY Auto - steering plus Positioning: Magnetic plates Metal strips - sensors DGPS - Satellite navigation/positioning

RAIL MOUNTED GANTRY Straddling 15 + containers plus trucklane(s) (and railtrack) Stacking: 1 over 5/6 Storage: 7 - 9 m2/TEU Productivity: 25 ctrs/hr Railtracks Investment: > $ 1.5 mio

RAIL MOUNTED GANTRY Advantages: Reliability - High productivity - Less sensitive to damage - Suitable for automation (ASC)

RAIL MOUNTED GANTRY Disadvantages: Not flexible - not transferable to other stack High investments High Throughput Terminals

RMG

RAIL MOUNTED GANTRY ECT - Delta Sea Land Terminal Double hoist Super Post Panamax ship-shore cranes Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) Automated Stacking cranes (ASC) (3-high/5 wide)

OVERHEAD BRIDGE CRANE OHBC Rigid construction Fully automated Transfer area sea/land side served by Straddle carrier - ? - High stacking capacity

OVERHEAD BRIDGE CRANE High Throughput Terminals: (Pasir Panjang Terminal PSA - Design capacity: 35 mio TEU/yr (Mid 1980 constructed by Container Repair Company in Rotterdam for servicing its MT depot)

MISCELLANEOUS FLT + Attachments Side stacker/loader Reach Stacker Container Freight Station (CFS) MT Depot (Storage)

COMMUNICATION Mobilophone System Mobilophone: Yard Operator - Handling Equipment Portophone: Ass. Manager - Foreman - Checker Separate Portophones for Ship - Shore cranes (driver and radioman - safety)

COMMUNICATION Mobilophone System: Disadvantage: Too many frequencies - external disturbances - hifg degree of discipline required - sensitive to mistakes

CONTROL Automated Container Terminal Control System NAVIS - SPARCS/EXPRESS COSMOS Radio Data Transmission Instructions and confirmations via LCD screen/keyboard. Equipment: fixed units - others mobile hand held terminals

COMMUNICATION Mobilophone/Portophone For “normal”verbal communication and safety reasons

LABOUR Less physical functions Increasing need specialist/combi functions Flexibility/Employability Automation: Administration - Planning - Operations

LABOUR COMBI FUNCTIONS Mainfunction + A Tugmaster Checker RTG ugmaster Checker Ctr. Crane RTG Tugmaster Checker

EQUIPMENT CAPACITY ANNUAL Ship-Shore Container Crane: 3-4000 hrs x 25 ctrs/hr = 75-100.000 ctrs Straddle Carrier: 3000 hrs x 12 ctrs/hr = 36.000 ctrs Rubber Tyred Gantry: 3000 hrs x 20 ctrs/hr = 60.000 ctrs Rail Mounted Gantry: 3000 hrs x 25 ctrs/hr = 75.000 ctrs

EQUIPMENT CAPACITY STORAGE Chassis: 45 m2/TEU Straddle Carrier 16 m2/TEU RTG 12 m2/TEU RMG 9 m2/TEU FLT (MT) 7 m2/TEU FLT (Full) 25 m2/TEU Reachstacker 15 m2/TEU

EQUIPMENT CAPACITY EQUIPMENT: Containers/Moves per Hour/Shift/Year STORAGE: TEU’s SHIPS: TEU’s TEU = Twenty feet Equivalent Unit FEU = Fourty feet Equivalent Unit

EQUIPMENT COSTS EXAMPLE CONTAINER CRANE Investment: $ 6.0 mio Annual: Depreciation 25 yrs $ 240.000 Interest Costs (8%) $ 260.000 M&R 2.5% I $ 150.000 Power $ 100.000 Total $ 750.000

EQUIPMENT COSTS EXAMPLE TOTAL PER YEAR: $ 750.000 Running Hours: 3000 Per Hour: $ 250

EQUIPMENT COSTS EXAMPLE RUBBER TYRED GANTRY Investment: $ 1.3 mio Annual: Depreciation 12 yrs $ 108.500 Interestcosts 8% $ 61.000 M&R 7.5 % I $ 97.500 Fuel 20 ltr/hr $ 45.000 Total $ 312.000

EQUIPMENT COSTS EXAMPLE TOTAL PER YEAR: $ 312.000 Running Hours: 3000 Per Hour: $ 104

EQUIPMENT COSTS EXAMPLE TUGMASTER Investment: $ 100.000 Annual: Depreciation 10 yrs: $ 10.000 Interestcosts 8 % $ 4.800 M&R 15% I: $ 15.000 Fuel 10 ltr/hr: $ 22.500 Total $ 52.300

EQUIPMENT COSTS EXAMPLE TOTAL PER YEAR: $ 52.300 Running Hours: 3000 Per Hour: $ 17.50 Chassis: $ 2.50

GANG COST STRUCTURE EXAMPLE Per Gang/hr: a) Labour: 1 Foreman $ 50 2 Cranedrivers $ 80 2 Checkers $ 60 5 Tugm. Drivers $ 150 1 RTG Driver $ 40 3 Lashers $ 60 Total Labour: $ 440

GANG COST STRUCTURE EXAMPLE b) Equipment: 1 Contr. Crane $ 250 5 Tugmasters + Chassis $ 100 1 RTG $ 104 Total Equipment $ 454 c) Working Area etc. $ 106 TOTAL $ 1000

RATE STRUCTURE EXAMPLE Total Gang Costs $ 1000 Overhead 40% $ 400 Total Costs $ 1400 Profit 20% $ 280 Grand Total $ 1680 per Hour

RATE STRUCTURE EXAMPLE Total Gangcosts per hour: $ 1680 Total Gangcosts per shift: $ 13440 Productivity: Gross 200 ctrs/shift Lost Labour etc. 30% 60 ctrs/shift Net 140 ctrs/shift

RATE STRUCTURE EXAMPLE Net productivity: 140 ctrs/shift Rate per container/move: 13440 : 140 = $ 96.-