By : Rajat 2249 Manoj 2301 Arushi 2211

 Information technology ( IT ) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise.computers telecommunications equipment

 The Pre-mechanical Age  The Mechanical Age  The Electromechanical Age  The Electronic Age

 First humans communicated only by speaking and drawing pictures  Sumerians made cuneiform  The first numbering systems similar to that used today was invented around 200 A.D. in India consisting of 9-digits.

The Abacus

 Pascal began work on his calculator in He had been assisting his father who worked as a tax commissioner.  He invented Pascaline.  Pascaline could only add and subtract.

Difference Engine Analytical Engine Punch Cards

 Recognized as “the first programmer”  She foresaw the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching while others including Babbage, focused only on calculating

Voltaic battery by Alessandro volta Morse Code by samuel morse The telegraph The Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell

 Developed a mechanical ‘tabulator” based on punched cards in order to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data  Founder of Tabulating Machine Company

 founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Company (CTR)Computing Tabulating Recording Company  major producer of punch card tabulating machines in 1911punch card  IBM co-funded the Mark 1 computer together with Harvard University,Mark 1  built the 701 which had electrostatic storage tube memory, used magnetic tape to store information, and had binary, fixed-point, single address hardwarestorage tube  In 1981, IBM created its first personal home-use computer called the IBM PCIBM PC

 Automated teller machine (ATM) Automated teller machine (ATM)  Floppy disk Floppy disk  Hard disk drive Hard disk drive  Electronic keypunch Electronic keypunch  Magnetic stripe card Magnetic stripe card  Virtual machine Virtual machine  Relational database Relational database  Universal Product Code (UPC) Universal Product Code (UPC)  Financial swap Financial swap  Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)  Watson artificial intelligence Watson artificial intelligence

 The electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the world's first programmable computer  Colossus was programmable but It lacked the ability to store its program in memory

SSEM The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored- program computer The Programma 101, was the first commercial "desktop computer" produced by the company Olivetti

 First era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal storage  The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage Four main ERAS of digital computing:

 The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors  The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal comptuer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.

 Apple II - most popular personal computers ever built With it’s innovative software and hardware  i-pod -The iPod has dominated the MP3 player market with its innovative design, and integration with iTunes music store  OS X – features like expose which helps in multi -tasking, Spotlight helps to search for files

 MACINTOSH – innovative GUI made Desktop Publishing possible. The Macintosh has evolved into Apple’s current lines of computers, the iMacs, Mac Mini, Macbooks,  IMACS - started with the “blueberry” iMac in 1998.In the new millennium, the iMac has continued to evolve twice, with each system becoming more compact, and more amazing than the last.

 The first computers used batch operating systems, in which the computer ran batches of jobs without stop. Programs were punched into cards that were usually copied to tape for processing.  In the 1960s, time-shared operating systems began replacing batch systems. Users interacted directly with the computer via a printing terminal like the Western Electric Teletype. Printing terminals required that programs had character or command-line user interfaces ( CLI ), in which the user typed responses to prompts or typed commands.

 Printing terminals were later replaced by video terminals that could only display fixed size characters.  Personal computers became affordable in the mid 1970s. The Altair 8800, shown here, was the first commercially viable personal computer marketed to individuals.  personal computers with bit- mapped displays that could control individual pixels were developed. These made personal computer with graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) possible. The first commercial success was the Apple Macintosh

 1957 T he US government creates the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in an attempt to become the world leader in science and technology, in relation with the military.  1965 The ARPANET led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. internetworking  1975 John Vittal develops MSG. This is the first all–inclusive program that offers reply, forward and filing capabilities.  1984 The domain name system is developed and the “.com” era is born. Other domains are also developed including.edu and.gov.

 1990 The Internet is introduced to the public. World.std.com becomes the first company to provide Internet access through dial–up.  1991 The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) releases World–Wide Web (WWW).  2000 The size of the World Wide Web is estimated to exceed 1 billion pages and Napster, the first large peer 2 peer file sharing website, is in full swing.  2004 Network Solutions offers the one-hundred year domain name registration.