Edison’s Bright Idea: Mental Models, Heuristics, Strategies of Invention, and the Electric Light Gary Bradshaw Psychology Department Mississippi State.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Voltage and resistance in a circuit
Advertisements

GROUP PROJECT How light bulb works Qianmeng Gu qxg5019 Linnan Zhang lqz5068 Ying Ye yoy5069.
CSCI 6530 “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants” - Sir Isaac Newton.
What is an electric charge?
Magnetic Field Patterns
Solving Non-Intuitive Problems in E&M Adam Erickson, Research Advisor: Mano Singham Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University ABSTRACT We.
Electricity 4th grade Science.
The Light bulb By: Allyson Carter. Changed society, history, and everyday life. replaced fire –torches, candles, and oil and gas lamps The light bulb.
What is an electric light bulb? electric light bulbs were invented to replace Wax candles and lamps so people can see more in the dark and during work.
I. is a force defined as the movement of negatively charged electrons.
Energy Transformations. Magnetic Field- a region of space near a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle in which a magnetic force acts on.
Inside an Incandescent Light Bulb. You are will be using an incandescent light bulb to build circuits in class.
Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison
AC/DC, Edison, and Tesla- an Introduction to Modern Electric Current.
Electrical components and circuits. Starter Benjamin Franklin Thomas Edison Have you heard of these people? Why are they significant?
ELECTRICITY.
Died October 18, 1931 (aged 84) West Orange, New Jersey. Born February 11 th, 1847 Milan, Ohio.
Thomas Alva Edison Life And Accomplishments GROUP 17 & 19 Michelle Diaz Nubia Marquez Paul A. Lyons Ulises Ambriz Jacob Gonzalez.
Thomas Alva Edison: The man who made the future. Brief Biography Born in February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio Born as the youngest of the seven children Moved.
Thomas Edison’s: Bright Idea
Electricity and Electrical Circuits Part 1 - Introduction
5.2: Circuits, Ohm’s Law, Electrical Power 2/6/13.
Understanding Electricity 7 th Grade Science Essential Standards Break-out Session
Electric Circuits 2.0 Presented by (Insert Name Here)
I THE AGE OF INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY Starts largely agricultural Majority of people live in rural areas. Light homes with candles and lamps Keep fresh.
Let’s Play Jeopardy!! TheCategoriesAre Vocabulary (1)
OHIO’S INVENTORS 5 OHIO INVENTORS FOR YOU TO KNOW.
 a measure of how difficult it is for electric current to travel through a material  good conductors (metals) have low resistance, while insulators.
2 nd ESO - TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT. WE USE CIRCUITS… At Home In Cities In Industry.
Electrical Circuits. Getting the Idea Whenever you turn on a lamp or watch TV, you are using electrical energy. This energy is in the form of a flow of.
What’s the Matter?!? (Describing Matter Unit). What does our standard say? Students will examine the scientific view of the nature of matter. We will.
Peasley Art Club December 11, 2013 Dustyn Hall, Instructor
ELECTRIC CURRENT. What is current electricity? Current Electricity - Flow of electrons What causes electrons to flow? When an electric force is applied,
LIGHT BULB Done by:ABDULLAH,Shu Min,Pravita and Ifran.
A DECADE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD By Adam Berry.
Pleasing in appearance.
L GHTBULBS DONE BY:GROUP AHAA AARON, ASHLEY, AVEEK, HUI LING.
 Bell is credited with inventing and obtaining the first patent for the telephone.  Patent – is the exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor.
Thomas Edison's greatest challenge was the a practical electric light. He didn't "invent" the light bulb, but he improved the 50-year-old idea. In 1879,
AIRPLANES.
By: Shannon Matuszny EECT 111. Thomas Edison and his family.
E10_JA_2/08 1 Engineering Design Video Video Summary of the Video Summary of the Video Inventor's Characteristics Inventor's Characteristics The Engineering.
YAZMIN CHAVEZ MARIA MACIAS SELENA ORTIZ. E dison is the third most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many.
Department of Mechanical Engineering HumilityEntrepreneurshipTeamwork LearningSocial ResponsibilityRespect for Individual Deliver The Promise BS&H, GMR.
IP Lamp IV curve © Oxford University Press 2011 Lamp IV curve.
Tin Foil Phonograph The first great invention developed by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park was the tin foil phonograph. While working to improve the efficiency.
THS Automotive Technology Fundamental Principles of Electricity Lesson 2: Electrical Measurement and Ohm’s Law Electrical Measurements and Ohm’s Law.
Section 3 Section 3 Producing Light Incandescent Lights Most of the lightbulbs in your house probably produce incandescent light, which is generated by.
Electricity. What is Electricity? a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles (such as electrons or protons) either static as an.
U NIT D E LECTRICAL P RINCIPLES & T ECHNOLOGIES Science 9.
By: Anthony Richardson
Effects of Heat What effects can heat have on an object or substance?
Must Be Closed To Allow Electricity Flow; When Circuit Is Open No Electricity Flow CIRCUIT.
“Charge it today!”. Charges were first discovered in ancient Greece when cloth was rubbed on amber and the amber attracted bits of straw to it. It was.
Objectives 1. Demonstrate the requirements for an electrical circuit that works. 2. Use a multimeter effectively to measure voltage and current in a simple.
Storing energy Introduce yourself as the facilitator and outline (briefly) your STEM background. Ask STEM Ambassadors (if present) to (briefly) introduce.
The History of Lighting
Define insulator and conductor. Write 3 examples of each.
Resistance.
Resistance SNC1P.
SYMBOLS FUNCTION
ELECTRICAL LIGHTING.
sense / thought groups Pauses
Problem Solving Strategies & Techniques
Incandescent Filament Lamp
Review of the design process
Energy and Electromagnetism Jeopardy
Investigation one: Electricity
Define insulator and conductor. Write 3 examples of each.
Thomas Alva Edison.
Presentation transcript:

Edison’s Bright Idea: Mental Models, Heuristics, Strategies of Invention, and the Electric Light Gary Bradshaw Psychology Department Mississippi State University This work has been supported by Gary Bradshaw’s pocketbook, which would greatly appreciate supplementary funding sources.

Goal and Method To understand human creativity in complex domains like scientific research and technological invention. To understand human creativity in complex domains like scientific research and technological invention. Case-study methodology: Examine large- scale historical records of inventions Case-study methodology: Examine large- scale historical records of inventions Descriptive approach: Try to be open to important features of invention. Descriptive approach: Try to be open to important features of invention.

The Problem-Solving Model of Invention Inventors search through a space of proto-inventions Inventors search through a space of proto-inventions

Proto-lightbulbs De La Pue Platinum Filament Lamp 1820

Proto-lightbulbs Grove Platinum Filament Lamp 1840

Proto-lightbulbs Swan Carbon Filament Lamp 1860

The Problem-Solving Model of Invention Inventors search through a space of proto- inventions Inventors search through a space of proto- inventions Proto-inventions can be generated by design heuristics and design-revision heuristics Proto-inventions can be generated by design heuristics and design-revision heuristics Design heuristics: imitate nature, copycat Design heuristics: imitate nature, copycat Design-revision heuristics: more-is-better, make-small-changes Design-revision heuristics: more-is-better, make-small-changes

Imitate Nature LeBris Glider

Copycat Chanute/Herring Glider

Copycat Wright 1901 Biplane Glider

More-is-better Lilienthal Monoplane Glider

More-is-better Lilienthal Biplane Glider

The Problem-Solving Model of Invention Inventors search through a space of proto- inventions Inventors search through a space of proto- inventions Proto-inventions can be generated by design heuristics and design-revision heuristics Proto-inventions can be generated by design heuristics and design-revision heuristics A small number of design heuristics can generate a large space of proto-inventions A small number of design heuristics can generate a large space of proto-inventions

The Design Space of Proto-lightbulbs Filament material Filament material Filament length Filament length Filament support Filament support Filament winding Filament winding Filament insulation Filament insulation Filament connections Filament connections Filament enclosure Filament enclosure Filament environment Filament environment Filament treatment Bulb pressure Regulating mechanism Regulating wiring Mechanism to sustain vacuum More than 2 billion designs can be generated within this space!

The Problem-Solving Model of Invention Inventors search through a space of proto- inventions Inventors search through a space of proto- inventions Proto-inventions can be generated by design heuristics and design-revision heuristics Proto-inventions can be generated by design heuristics and design-revision heuristics A small number of design heuristics can generate a large space of proto-inventions A small number of design heuristics can generate a large space of proto-inventions Successful inventions may be rare in the space of proto-inventions Successful inventions may be rare in the space of proto-inventions

The Problem-Solving Model of Invention Inventors employ strategies to search through the space of proto-inventions Inventors employ strategies to search through the space of proto-inventions Hill-climbing Hill-climbing Functional Decomposition Functional Decomposition “Follow the analogy of nature” “Follow the analogy of nature”

Hill-climbing strategy From your test results, find the worst part of your design and improve it.

Functional Decomposition Strategy In functional decomposition, functional groupings of parts are removed from the larger design, then developed and tested in isolation. In functional decomposition, functional groupings of parts are removed from the larger design, then developed and tested in isolation. The Wright brothers developed a wind tunnel, then measured the lift and drag of wing shapes. The Wright brothers developed a wind tunnel, then measured the lift and drag of wing shapes.

The Problem-Solving Model of Invention Inventors employ strategies to search through the space of proto-inventions Inventors employ strategies to search through the space of proto-inventions Efficient search through the large space of proto-inventions may be crucial to success. Efficient search through the large space of proto-inventions may be crucial to success. Building on what is known Building on what is known Functional decomposition Functional decomposition Substituting computation for search Substituting computation for search

Edison’s Electric Light Interesting case because Edison employed a research-and-development team. Interesting case because Edison employed a research-and-development team. Attempts began in earnest in September 1878 and a decent system was demonstrated by the end of Attempts began in earnest in September 1878 and a decent system was demonstrated by the end of 1879.

Role of Mental Models in Invention? Mental models seem to allow ‘cognitive simulation’ of a device. Mental models seem to allow ‘cognitive simulation’ of a device. Perhaps search efficiency can be improved by performing ‘thought simulations,’ then ruling out unpromising designs and following up on promising ones. Perhaps search efficiency can be improved by performing ‘thought simulations,’ then ruling out unpromising designs and following up on promising ones. Mental models may serve to ‘frame’ the invention by constraining the proto- inventions to a subset of the full space. Mental models may serve to ‘frame’ the invention by constraining the proto- inventions to a subset of the full space.

Edison’s Bright Idea Edison began his efforts to build a light bulb by creating a regulating system that kept a platinum filament between the incandescent and melting temperatures. Edison began his efforts to build a light bulb by creating a regulating system that kept a platinum filament between the incandescent and melting temperatures.

Edison employed a variety of mechanisms to interrupt the current. Edison employed a variety of mechanisms to interrupt the current. Here the expanding coil presses down on a lever, raising a contact point out of a pool of mercury. Here the expanding coil presses down on a lever, raising a contact point out of a pool of mercury. Edison’s Bright Idea

Sometimes the filament heated another element that performed the work. Sometimes the filament heated another element that performed the work. Sometimes the bulb would break the circuit. Other times the bulb would short out the circuit. Sometimes the bulb would break the circuit. Other times the bulb would short out the circuit.

Edison’s Bright Idea Edison tested various rare earth metals but was focused most of his efforts on platinum. Edison tested various rare earth metals but was focused most of his efforts on platinum. He received a significant amount of funding from wealthy investors who were told Edison had solved the problem right from the start. He received a significant amount of funding from wealthy investors who were told Edison had solved the problem right from the start. The investors became impatient with the lack of results, putting pressure on Edison. The investors became impatient with the lack of results, putting pressure on Edison. Edison did his best to string the investors along. Edison did his best to string the investors along.

Phases of Edison’s Efforts Phase 1: September 1878 to January Edison operates exclusively in the design space of regulated-platinum-filament bulbs Phase 1: September 1878 to January Edison operates exclusively in the design space of regulated-platinum-filament bulbs Phase 2: January 1879 to October Edison adopts a functional decomposition strategy. Phase 2: January 1879 to October Edison adopts a functional decomposition strategy. He discovers that gasses boil out of a platinum filament raised to incandescence, damaging the delicate wire. He discovers that gasses boil out of a platinum filament raised to incandescence, damaging the delicate wire. He explores filaments heated by a blowtorch to investigate changes due to high temperatures. He explores filaments heated by a blowtorch to investigate changes due to high temperatures. Phase 3: October 1879 to December First practical high-resistance carbon bulbs introduced. Phase 3: October 1879 to December First practical high-resistance carbon bulbs introduced.

Multi-Space Search In parallel with his efforts to develop an electric light, Edison also worked on an effective lighting system. In parallel with his efforts to develop an electric light, Edison also worked on an effective lighting system.

Edison’s Dynamo

Electric Grid Network

The Carbon Shift To produce a high-resistance bulb with a platinum filament, Edison needed a way to pack a long filament into a bulb. He experimented with various coatings that would insulate the wire even as it reached incandescence. To produce a high-resistance bulb with a platinum filament, Edison needed a way to pack a long filament into a bulb. He experimented with various coatings that would insulate the wire even as it reached incandescence. One substance they tried was silicon. One substance they tried was silicon.

The Carbon Shift To produce a high-resistance bulb with a platinum filament, Edison needed a way to pack a long filament into a bulb. He experimented with various coatings that would insulate the wire even as it reached incandescence. To produce a high-resistance bulb with a platinum filament, Edison needed a way to pack a long filament into a bulb. He experimented with various coatings that would insulate the wire even as it reached incandescence. One substance they tried was silicon. One substance they tried was silicon. Edison knew of the similarities between silicon and carbon, and decided to try a carbon filament. Edison knew of the similarities between silicon and carbon, and decided to try a carbon filament.

The Carbon Shift The ‘breakthrough’ in using carbon was not immediately recognized, though the efforts of Edison’s lab became increasingly focused on carbon filaments. The ‘breakthrough’ in using carbon was not immediately recognized, though the efforts of Edison’s lab became increasingly focused on carbon filaments.

Edison’s invention A fruitless design-space search where Edison drew upon his large repertoire of mechanisms to develop self-regulating bulbs. A fruitless design-space search where Edison drew upon his large repertoire of mechanisms to develop self-regulating bulbs. Not really analogy, but close Not really analogy, but close A fruitful functional-decomposition search where fundamental problems were identified and solved. A fruitful functional-decomposition search where fundamental problems were identified and solved. Edison employed a ‘beam search’ at various phases, sometimes successfully, sometimes unsuccessfully. Edison employed a ‘beam search’ at various phases, sometimes successfully, sometimes unsuccessfully.

Edison’s invention Edison’s fixation with his initial mental model of a self-regulating platinum bulb almost lead to his downfall. Edison’s fixation with his initial mental model of a self-regulating platinum bulb almost lead to his downfall. Pressure from his investors pushed Edison into a different approach. Pressure from his investors pushed Edison into a different approach. Edison’s concern with a practical lighting system, rather than just a lightbulb, contributed to the carbon shift. Edison’s concern with a practical lighting system, rather than just a lightbulb, contributed to the carbon shift.

Edison’s invention Although Edison never substituted computation for search, his team members did. Although Edison never substituted computation for search, his team members did.

Invention processes Analogy  Analogy  Serendipity  Serendipity  Functional decomposition search  Functional decomposition search  Beam search   Beam search   Computation-for-search  Computation-for-search  Mental Models  Mental Models  Multi-space search  Multi-space search 