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The microstructure of muscle

myofiber (muscle fiber)- a single muscle cell Muscle Terminology myofiber (muscle fiber)- a single muscle cell sarcolemma- muscle cell membrane sarcoplasm- muscle cell cytoplasm myofibril- long contractile protein structure actin and myosin sarcomere- the contractile unit between two z-lines

Connective tissue surrounding muscle

The sarcoplasm with sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules

More Terms sarcoplasmic reticulum- storage and release site of calcium transverse tubule- also involved in calcium flux

The Neuromuscular Junction

Neuromuscular Junction 1) Impulse travels down motor neuron 2) at end of neuron, acetylcholine released 3) Acetylcholine diffuses across synaptic cleft 4) acetylcholine binds to receptors on sarcolemma causing permeabilty 5) sodium enters cell causing depolarization and muscle contraction

Muscular Contraction functions to produce force for locomotion force for breathing force for postural support heat production in cold (no force)

How do skeletal muscles contract? Sliding filament model of contraction the interaction of actin and myosin

The sliding filament theory of contraction

Sliding Filament Animation -- sliding filament animation.htm http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/muscle/contract.html

How do the Actin and Myosin Interact? The myosin head binds to the actin filament in a weak state initially (or unbound) the signal to contract initiates a strong binding state Binding of calcium to troponin regulates this strong-weak state

The Contraction Itself during the strong binding the myosin pulls the actin past this effectively shortens or contracts the muscle

Relationship between myosin cross-bridges and Ca++ binding

Where does the energy for contraction come from? ATP is necessary for each contraction cycle to occur each contraction cycle results in a shortening of the muscle by 1% some muscles can shorten by up to 60 % of their resting length therefore many shortening cycles must occur for a single contraction

Sources of ATP for Muscle Contraction Fig 8.7

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Fig 8.9

Crossbridge Animation Quicktime - Actin Myosin Crossbridge 3D Animation.htm http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/movies/actin_myosin.html

Summary of excitation contraction-coupling

Steps in Excitation - Contraction coupling at rest actin and myosin are weakly bound (or unbound) an excitation impulse from the a motor nerve causes an end-plate potential the potential depolarizes the muscle cell beginning at the sarcolemma

The Neuromuscular Junction

Excitation- Contraction cont’d depolarization travels down the T-tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum the impulse reaches the SR and calcium is released calcium binds to troponin and causes the strong binding state

Excitation- Contraction (one more) during strong binding, myosin head cocks this action moves actin filament along myosin Binding of ATP causes the weak binding (or release) again enabling another contraction

Summary of excitation contraction-coupling

Important Points depolarization causes release of calcium by SR calcium enables the strong binding state ATP provides energy for cocking of myosin head, BUT binding of ATP causes the weak binding state (or release) of actin and myosin

A couple more important points contraction can continue as long as calcium is available to enable strong binding AND ATP is available for energy of cocking and release of strong binding the signal to stop contraction is the loss of an impulse and uptake of calcium

Muscle fatigue is characterized by a reduced ability to generate force

Properties of Muscle Fiber Types Biochemical properties Oxidative capacity Type of ATPase Contractile properties Maximal force production Speed of contraction Muscle fiber efficiency

Individual Fiber Types Fast fibers Type IIx fibers Fast-twitch fibers Fast-glycolytic fibers Type IIa fibers Intermediate fibers Fast-oxidative glycolytic fibers Slow fibers Type I fibers Slow-twitch fibers Slow-oxidative fibers

Muscle Fiber Types Fast Fibers Slow fibers Characteristic Type IIx Type IIa Type I Number of mitochondria Low High/mod High Resistance to fatigue Low High/mod High Predominant energy system Anaerobic Combination Aerobic ATPase Highest High Low Vmax (speed of shortening) Highest Intermediate Low Efficiency Low Moderate High Specific tension High High Moderate

Comparison of maximal shortening velocities between fiber types

Type I vs Type II (velocity) type II are fast twitch muscles type IIa are sort of like slow twitch but faster type I are slow twitch muscles therefore IIb will have the fastest shortening velocity and type I will have the slowest

Endurance exercise training induced changes in fiber type in skeletal muscle

Training-Induced Changes in Muscle Fiber Type Fig 8.13

Isotonic vs. Isometric Actions

Isometric Muscle Action an isometric contraction is occurs when there is no change in muscle length when force is being produced trying to push a car out of the snow holding up a table so it can be leveled

Isotonic Muscle Action an isotonic contraction occurs when there is a change in muscle length concentric when muscle shortens bicep curl, lifting eccentric when muscle lengthens tug o war, negatives in weights, putting down a beer

Recording of a simple twitch

Relationship between stimulus strength and force of contraction

Stimulus Strength vs Force of Contraction Weak stimulus does not recruit many motor units Stronger stimulus recruits more motor units When all motor units are recruited, no more force can be applied regardless of stimulus strength

Length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle

Length Tension Relationship There exists an optimal length of muscle at which it produces the greatest force Typically between 100-120 % resting length Maximal tensions at lengths longer or shorter than the optimal length will be less

Progression of simple twitches, summation and tetanus

Tetanus If twitches become more frequent, greater force can be developed during summation than for a single twitch If twitches become to frequent, tetanus will develop and the muscle will not relax Typically results only from electrical stimulation

Muscle force-velocity relationships

Muscle power-velocity relationships

The Golgi tendon organ

GTO Provides info to the CNS about tension development in the muscle Acts like a governor to prevent damaging tension from being generated Can be overridden to a certain extent by training Supraphysiological strength in crisis

Muscle spindles structure and location

Spindle Provides info to the CNS about muscle length or stretch Excessive muscle stretch, especially during contraction is damaging Helps prevent damaging stretch during contraction