I. Anthophyte II. Angiosperms as a Separate Group

Three unrooted trees showing the relationships among the Gnetales (blue), Conifers (Green), Ginkgo&Cycads(Coral) and Angiosperms (fuschia). Bowe et al. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers PNAS 97: 4092-4097.

Bootstrap Value = 92 Bootstrap Value = 83 Tree based on Phytochrome A and Phytochrome C. Note high bootstrap values for Amborella as basal (Matthews and Donoghue, 1999).

Qiu et al.’s Tree (Nature, 25 November 1999) Based on 5 - genes 2-mitochondrial 2-plastid 1-nuclear Magnoliids Basal Angiosperms Illiciales Bootstrap Value = 100 Nymphaeales Amborella

Barkman et al. 6-gene tree (PNAS 2000).

9-gene tree Barkman et al. 2000

Barkman et al. comparison of bootstrap values for Root A (Amborella and Nymphaeales) vs Root B (Amborella alone). Dark bars are noise-reduced; open are raw data.

Amborella alone is in the basal clade Amborella and Nymphaeales share the basal clade Support Leans Towards a Shared Clade

Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups These 3 groups are unresolved

4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qiu’s Tree 4. Eudicots- the largest group 2. Magnoliids 3. Monocots 1. Basal Angiosperms

The ANITA group is mostly Australasian. + =Illiciales (Trimeniaceae, Amborella) Amborella is native to New Caledonia The ANITA group is mostly Australasian.

Amborellales Amborellaceae Amborella

Amborella Flowering Branch Amborella branch- evergreen, simple, alternate leaves with wavy edges www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/art/ amborella.flr.99-08-30.jpg

Amborella male flower-note “leaf-like” stamens with a thick filament that are spirally arranged. Amborella is dioecious. www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/art/ amborella.flr.99-08-30.jpg

The “stamen”-like structures are staminodes. Amborella Female Flowers Carpels The “stamen”-like structures are staminodes. www.botany.org/newsite/publications/ajb/2004coverStories.php

Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea

Nymphaeaceae the “N” of the ANITA groups. Note: Radial symmetry, aquatic habit, palmate venation. We have two local species of Nymphaea

Victoria amazonica, Amazon Water Lily, Nymphaeaceae

Note many flower parts, radial symmetry http://www.mobot.org/manual.plantas/foto/Nymphaea.jpg

fused carpels, stigmas radiate from a circular disk Stamens with wide- “leaf-like” filament.

Stamens Stigmas Ovary

Note several locules (chambers) in the ovary

Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae Nuphar

Nuphar the other main genus of the Nymphaeaceae found in the NE- note radial symmetry, blade like filaments, fused carpels. We have 1-3 local species of Nuphar.

Rhizomes of Nuphar with leaf scars and adventitious roots Rhizomes of Nuphar with leaf scars and adventitious roots. These would grow in the substrate under water.

Nuphar lutea (Nymphaeaceae) pollen Monosulcate Pollen http://www.kv.geo.uu.se/pollen/N/Nuphar.html Nuphar lutea (Nymphaeaceae) pollen Monosulcate Pollen

Nuphar Embryo Sac Recall that Nuphar female gametophytes have only one nucleus in their central cell and lack the antipodal cells entirely-- making their embryo sac only 4-celled!! sy = synergids cc = central cell nucleus e = egg (behind synergids)

Illiciales Illiciaceae Illicium

Illiciaceae - “I” of ANITA Illicium sp. Star Anise phylogeny.arizona.edu Illiciaceae - “I” of ANITA Illicium sp. Star Anise http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/kohler/1761_021.jpg Note: radial symmetry, woody, mostly unfused flower parts http://www.fleischlos.de/assets/images/sternanis.gif

Illicium religiosum http://www3.justnet.ne.jp/~goostake/SIKIMIX.JPG

Star anise developing fruit and mature fruits